NEET MCQs Practice | Chapter-Cell Cycle and Cell Division | Biology Class 11
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- What is a very important process that happens in all living organisms?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Respiration
c) Cell division ✔
d) Excretion - During cell division, which of the following also occurs?
a) DNA replication and cell growth ✔
b) Only DNA replication
c) Only cell growth
d) Protein synthesis - What must happen in a coordinated and organized way so that new cells get the correct genetic material?
a) Protein folding
b) Cell division ✔
c) Lipid synthesis
d) Respiration - What is the complete set of steps by which a cell copies its DNA, makes new parts, and splits into two daughter cells called?
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) Cell cycle ✔
d) Cytokinesis - During which process does DNA synthesis happen only in a specific stage?
a) Cell growth
b) Cell cycle ✔
c) Protein synthesis
d) Photosynthesis - After DNA is copied, how are chromosomes distributed to new cells?
a) Randomly
b) Through a complex process during cell division ✔
c) Through diffusion
d) By protein synthesis - What controls the whole process of cell division?
a) Enzymes
b) Hormones
c) Genes ✔
d) Ribosomes - How long does the cell cycle usually take in human cells grown in labs?
a) About 12 hours
b) About 24 hours ✔
c) About 48 hours
d) About 90 minutes - Can the duration of the cell cycle vary depending on the organism or cell type?
a) Yes ✔
b) No
c) Only in plants
d) Only in bacteria - How long can yeast cells complete their cell cycle?
a) 24 hours
b) 12 hours
c) 90 minutes ✔
d) 1 week - What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
a) G1 and G2
b) Interphase and M Phase ✔
c) Prophase and Metaphase
d) Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis - Which phase is when the cell actually divides?
a) Interphase
b) S Phase
c) M Phase ✔
d) G1 Phase - What is the time between two cell divisions called?
a) M Phase
b) Interphase ✔
c) Karyokinesis
d) Cytokinesis - Approximately how much of the human cell cycle time does Interphase take?
a) 50%
b) More than 95% ✔
c) 25%
d) 10% - What begins the M Phase?
a) Cytokinesis
b) Karyokinesis ✔
c) DNA replication
d) Protein synthesis - What ends the M Phase?
a) Karyokinesis
b) DNA replication
c) Cytokinesis ✔
d) Interphase - Why is Interphase sometimes called the resting phase?
a) The cell is inactive
b) The cell is busy with growth and DNA replication ✔
c) The cell divides rapidly
d) The cell undergoes apoptosis - What activities does the cell perform during Interphase to prepare for division?
a) Protein folding and secretion
b) Cell growth and DNA replication ✔
c) Only mitosis
d) Cytokinesis only
Continuing from the previous numbering, starting at 19, with bolded questions and options:
- Into how many phases is Interphase divided?
a) Two
b) Three ✔
c) Four
d) Five - Which phase happens after mitosis and before DNA replication begins?
a) S Phase
b) G1 Phase ✔
c) G2 Phase
d) M Phase - What happens during the G1 Phase?
a) DNA is copied
b) Cell is active and grows but does not copy DNA ✔
c) Proteins for mitosis are made
d) Cytokinesis occurs - During which phase is DNA copied or replicated?
a) G1 Phase
b) S Phase ✔
c) G2 Phase
d) M Phase - If the original DNA amount was 2C, what does it become after S Phase?
a) 2C
b) 3C
c) 4C ✔
d) 1C - Does the number of chromosomes change after S Phase?
a) Yes
b) No ✔
c) Only in plant cells
d) Only in haploid cells - Where does DNA replication occur in animal cells during S Phase?
a) Cytoplasm
b) Nucleus ✔
c) Mitochondria
d) Ribosome - What also replicates in the cytoplasm during S Phase in animal cells?
a) Nucleus
b) Ribosome
c) Centriole ✔
d) Lysosome - What happens during the G2 Phase?
a) DNA is replicated
b) Cell makes proteins needed for mitosis and continues to grow ✔
c) Cytokinesis occurs
d) Cells enter G0 Phase - Which cells in adult animals do not divide anymore?
a) Liver cells
b) Heart cells ✔
c) Skin cells
d) Blood cells - What is the non-dividing stage called where cells leave G1 Phase?
a) S Phase
b) G0 Phase ✔
c) G2 Phase
d) M Phase - Do cells in G0 Phase perform normal cell activities?
a) Yes ✔
b) No
c) Only DNA replication
d) Only mitosis - Can cells in G0 Phase start dividing again?
a) No
b) Yes, if the organism needs it ✔
c) Only in plants
d) Only haploid cells - In animals, mitosis usually happens in which type of cells?
a) Haploid gametes
b) Diploid somatic cells ✔
c) All cells
d) Only G0 cells - Which animal is an exception where haploid cells also divide by mitosis?
a) Male honey bees ✔
b) Female ants
c) Frogs
d) Humans - In plants, which cells can divide by mitosis?
a) Only haploid
b) Only diploid
c) Both haploid and diploid ✔
d) Only gametes - Which concept from plants explains haploid cells also undergoing mitosis?
a) Alternation of generations ✔
b) Photosynthesis
c) Cellular respiration
d) Fertilization
- Which phase of the cell cycle is considered the most dramatic?
a) Interphase
b) M Phase ✔
c) G1 Phase
d) S Phase - What happens to the cell during the M Phase?
a) Only DNA replication
b) Major reorganization of almost all internal parts ✔
c) Cell rests
d) Protein synthesis only - Because the number of chromosomes stays the same in parent and new cells, this type of division is called:
a) Reductional division
b) Equational division ✔
c) Binary fission
d) Meiosis - What is the nuclear division in M Phase also known as?
a) Cytokinesis
b) Karyokinesis ✔
c) Interphase
d) G0 Phase - How many stages is mitosis divided into for better understanding?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four ✔
d) Five - What are the four stages of karyokinesis?
a) G1, S, G2, M
b) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase ✔
c) Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase
d) Cytokinesis, Karyokinesis, Interphase, M Phase - Are the boundaries between the stages of mitosis sharply separated?
a) Yes
b) No ✔
c) Only in plant cells
d) Only in animal cells
- Which stage of karyokinesis comes first during mitosis?
a) Metaphase
b) Prophase ✔
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase - Prophase occurs after which phases of Interphase?
a) G1 and S
b) S and G2 ✔
c) G2 and M
d) G1 and G2 - What happens to DNA molecules in the S and G2 phases before Prophase?
a) They are fully condensed chromosomes
b) They are mixed and tangled together, not clearly visible ✔
c) They form spindle fibers
d) They are removed - What major change happens to chromatin during Prophase?
a) It dissolves
b) It condenses to form tight, visible chromosomes ✔
c) It forms nucleolus
d) It leaves the nucleus - What happens to the centrosome during Prophase?
a) It disappears
b) It moves toward opposite poles of the cell ✔
c) It condenses into chromosomes
d) It forms the nuclear envelope - Each chromosome in Prophase is made up of:
a) One chromatid
b) Two chromatids joined at the centromere ✔
c) Three chromatids
d) Four chromatids - What tiny fibers do centrosomes give out in Prophase?
a) Microfilaments
b) Microtubules called asters ✔
c) Ribosomes
d) Actin filaments - What together forms the mitotic apparatus that helps in cell division?
a) Nucleus and Golgi
b) Two asters along with spindle fibers ✔
c) Chromatids and nucleolus
d) Centrosome only - Which cell parts disappear by the end of Prophase when viewed under a microscope?
a) Mitochondria and ribosomes
b) Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope ✔
c) Chromosomes and centrioles
d) Centrosomes only
Continuing numbering from 52, with bolded questions and options:
- Which stage of mitosis comes second?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase ✔
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase - When does Metaphase start?
a) When DNA replicates
b) When the nuclear envelope is completely broken down ✔
c) When chromosomes condense
d) When cytokinesis begins - Why are chromosomes freely spread in the cytoplasm during Metaphase?
a) Nuclear envelope is completely broken down ✔
b) DNA is replicated
c) Centrosomes disappear
d) Spindle fibers dissolve - Why is Metaphase the best stage to study the shape and structure of chromosomes?
a) Chromosomes are condensed and clearly visible ✔
b) Chromosomes are decondensed
c) The cell is in Interphase
d) Spindle fibers are not formed - How many sister chromatids does each Metaphase chromosome have?
a) One
b) Two ✔
c) Three
d) Four - What are the small disc-like structures at the centromere called?
a) Centrioles
b) Kinetochores ✔
c) Asters
d) Chromatids - What attaches to the kinetochores to move chromosomes to the center of the cell?
a) Microfilaments
b) Spindle fibers ✔
c) Nucleolus
d) Golgi apparatus - Where are all the chromosomes arranged during Metaphase?
a) At the poles of the cell
b) At the equator of the cell ✔
c) Randomly in the cytoplasm
d) Inside the nucleus - What is the arrangement of chromosomes at the equator called?
a) Prophase plate
b) Metaphase plate ✔
c) Anaphase plate
d) Telophase plate - How are sister chromatids attached to spindle fibers during Metaphase?
a) Both to the same pole
b) Each attached to opposite poles through its kinetochore ✔
c) Only one chromatid is attached
d) Spindle fibers are not attached - Which of the following is a main feature of Metaphase?
a) Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope forms
b) Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores and chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate ✔
c) DNA replication occurs
d) Cytoplasm divides
- Which stage of mitosis comes third?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase ✔
d) Telophase - When does Anaphase begin?
a) When chromosomes condense
b) When the chromosomes on the metaphase plate split ✔
c) When the nuclear envelope forms
d) During cytokinesis - What are the two daughter chromatids called after they separate in Anaphase?
a) Chromatids
b) Daughter chromosomes ✔
c) Sister chromatids
d) Spindle fibers - In which direction do daughter chromosomes move during Anaphase?
a) Toward the center
b) Toward opposite poles ✔
c) Randomly in the cytoplasm
d) Only toward the left pole - During Anaphase, which part of the chromosome leads the movement toward the poles?
a) Arms
b) Centromeres ✔
c) Telomeres
d) Nucleolus - What trails behind as chromosomes move toward the poles in Anaphase?
a) Centromeres
b) Chromosome arms ✔
c) Spindle fibers
d) Nucleolus - Which of the following is a main feature of Anaphase?
a) Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
b) Centromeres split and chromatids separate ✔
c) Nuclear envelope reforms
d) DNA replicates - What happens to chromatids after they separate in Anaphase?
a) They stay in the center
b) They move to opposite poles as daughter chromosomes ✔
c) They condense further
d) They form the nuclear envelope
- Which stage of mitosis is the final stage of karyokinesis?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase ✔ - What happens to chromosomes at the start of Telophase?
a) They condense further
b) They begin to decondense ✔
c) They split at the centromere
d) They line up at the metaphase plate - During Telophase, are individual chromosomes still clearly visible?
a) Yes
b) No ✔
c) Only in plant cells
d) Only in haploid cells - What gathers at each pole of the cell during Telophase?
a) Spindle fibers
b) Chromatin material ✔
c) Centrosomes
d) Ribosomes - What forms around each cluster of chromosomes in Telophase?
a) Cytoplasm
b) Nuclear envelope ✔
c) Spindle fibers
d) Chromatids - What is created when a new nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome cluster?
a) Two daughter nuclei ✔
b) One nucleus
c) Two centrosomes
d) Two metaphase plates - Which cell organelles are re-formed inside each new nucleus during Telophase?
a) Mitochondria and lysosomes
b) Nucleolus, Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum ✔
c) Spindle fibers and centrosomes
d) Chromatids only - Which of the following is an important event of Telophase?
a) Chromosomes condense
b) Chromosomes gather at opposite poles and lose their clear shape ✔
c) Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
d) DNA replicates
Continuing numbering from 79, with bolded questions and options:
- What is cytokinesis?
a) Division of DNA
b) Division of cytoplasm into two daughter cells ✔
c) Condensation of chromosomes
d) Formation of spindle fibers - When does cytokinesis occur?
a) Before mitosis
b) During S Phase
c) After mitosis ✔
d) During Interphase - What completes the entire cell division?
a) Karyokinesis alone
b) Cytokinesis ✔
c) DNA replication
d) Spindle formation - How does cytokinesis start in animal cells?
a) Formation of a cell plate
b) Formation of a furrow in the plasma membrane ✔
c) Nuclear envelope re-formation
d) Chromosome condensation - What happens to the furrow in animal cells during cytokinesis?
a) It disappears
b) It becomes deeper and eventually splits the cell ✔
c) It moves toward the nucleus
d) It forms a spindle fiber - How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?
a) By forming a furrow
b) By forming a new wall from the center outward ✔
c) By splitting mitochondria
d) By forming a syncytium - What is the starting structure of the new wall in plant cytokinesis?
a) Middle lamella
b) Cell plate ✔
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Spindle fiber - What does the cell plate become as cytokinesis progresses in plants?
a) Plasma membrane
b) Middle lamella ✔
c) Centrosome
d) Nucleolus - During cytoplasmic division, which cell parts are shared between the two new cells?
a) Nucleus only
b) Mitochondria and plastids ✔
c) DNA only
d) Ribosomes only - What happens if cytokinesis does not occur after karyokinesis?
a) The cell dies
b) A multinucleate cell, called a syncytium, forms ✔
c) DNA is lost
d) Only one daughter cell forms - Give an example of a syncytium formed due to absent cytokinesis.
a) Leaf cell
b) Liquid endosperm in coconut ✔
c) Human liver cell
d) Root hair cell
- What is another name for mitosis?
a) Reductional division
b) Equational division ✔
c) Binary fission
d) Meiosis - In which type of cells does mitosis usually happen?
a) Haploid cells only
b) Diploid cells ✔
c) All cells
d) Only gametes - Can haploid cells also undergo mitosis in some organisms?
a) No
b) Yes, in some lower plants and social insects ✔
c) Only in animals
d) Only in humans - What type of daughter cells does mitosis usually produce?
a) Haploid cells
b) Diploid cells genetically identical to the parent ✔
c) Diploid cells genetically different
d) Triploid cells - Why is mitotic division important for the growth of multicellular organisms?
a) It creates haploid gametes
b) It restores the balance between nucleus and cytoplasm ✔
c) It condenses DNA
d) It forms nuclear envelope - How does mitosis contribute to cell repair?
a) By replacing cells like skin, gut lining, and blood cells ✔
b) By forming gametes
c) By reducing chromosome number
d) By forming syncytium - In plants, where does mitotic division mainly occur?
a) Leaves
b) Meristematic tissues like apical meristem and lateral cambium ✔
c) Xylem
d) Phloem - Why do plants undergo mitotic division in meristematic tissues?
a) To produce haploid cells
b) To continue growth throughout life ✔
c) To form fruit
d) To perform photosynthesis
Continuing numbering from 98, with bolded questions and options:
- What type of cell division is meiosis?
a) Equational division
b) Reductional division ✔
c) Binary fission
d) Mitosis - When does meiosis occur?
a) During asexual reproduction
b) During sexual reproduction ✔
c) During Interphase
d) During cytokinesis - What type of cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
a) Diploid cells
b) Haploid cells ✔
c) Triploid cells
d) Polyploid cells - From which type of cells are gametes formed?
a) Haploid cells
b) Diploid cells ✔
c) Somatic cells only
d) Nerve cells - Why is meiosis called reductional division?
a) Because it increases DNA content
b) Because it reduces the chromosome number by half ✔
c) Because it duplicates chromosomes
d) Because it forms identical diploid cells - What does meiosis create in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms?
a) Diploid phase
b) Haploid phase ✔
c) Polyploid phase
d) Somatic phase - When do haploid cells combine to restore the diploid phase?
a) During meiosis I
b) During fertilization ✔
c) During S Phase
d) During prophase II - Where does meiosis happen in organisms?
a) Somatic cells
b) Gametogenesis in both plants and animals ✔
c) Only in roots
d) Only in leaves - How many rounds of nuclear and cell division occur in meiosis?
a) One
b) Two ✔
c) Three
d) Four - When does DNA replication happen in meiosis?
a) Before meiosis begins, only once ✔
b) Before meiosis I and II
c) After meiosis II
d) During prophase I and II - During meiosis I, what happens to homologous chromosomes?
a) They remain separate
b) They pair up and recombination occurs between non-sister chromatids ✔
c) They form a syncytium
d) They attach to spindle fibers only - How many haploid cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?
a) One
b) Two
c) Four ✔
d) Eight - What are the phases of meiosis I?
a) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
b) Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I ✔
c) Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
d) G1, S, G2, M - What are the phases of meiosis II?
a) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
b) Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
c) Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II ✔
d) G1, S, G2, M
- Which stage of meiosis I comes first?
a) Metaphase I
b) Prophase I ✔
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I - How does Prophase I compare to Prophase of mitosis?
a) Shorter and simpler
b) Longer and more complex ✔
c) Identical
d) Only occurs in haploid cells - Into how many sub-stages is Prophase I divided?
a) Three
b) Four
c) Five ✔
d) Six - What happens during the Leptotene sub-stage of Prophase I?
a) Homologous chromosomes pair up
b) Chromosomes start becoming visible and condense ✔
c) Crossing over occurs
d) Chromosomes align at the equator - What occurs during Zygotene?
a) Chromosomes condense
b) Homologous chromosomes begin to pair up ✔
c) Sister chromatids separate
d) Cytoplasm divides - What are paired homologous chromosomes called in Zygotene?
a) Sister chromatids
b) Tetrads or bivalents ✔
c) Monads
d) Daughter chromosomes - Which special structure holds homologous chromosomes together during Zygotene?
a) Kinetochores
b) Synaptonemal complex ✔
c) Spindle fibers
d) Centromeres - What becomes clearly visible during Pachytene?
a) Two chromatids
b) All four chromatids of a bivalent ✔
c) Centrosomes
d) Nuclear envelope - Where does crossing over occur during Pachytene?
a) At the centromere
b) At recombination nodules on non-sister chromatids ✔
c) On spindle fibers
d) On mitochondria - Which enzyme controls the process of crossing over?
a) DNA polymerase
b) Recombinase ✔
c) RNA polymerase
d) Ligase - What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I?
a) Produces diploid cells
b) Increases genetic recombination and diversity ✔
c) Duplicates DNA
d) Forms syncytium - By the end of Pachytene, what remains linked at crossover sites?
a) Sister chromatids
b) Chromosomes ✔
c) Centrosomes
d) Spindle fibers
- Which stage of meiosis I comes first?
a) Metaphase I
b) Prophase I ✔
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I - How does Prophase I compare to Prophase of mitosis?
a) Shorter and simpler
b) Longer and more complex ✔
c) Identical
d) Only occurs in haploid cells - Into how many sub-stages is Prophase I divided?
a) Three
b) Four
c) Five ✔
d) Six - What happens during the Leptotene sub-stage of Prophase I?
a) Homologous chromosomes pair up
b) Chromosomes start becoming visible and condense ✔
c) Crossing over occurs
d) Chromosomes align at the equator - What occurs during Zygotene?
a) Chromosomes condense
b) Homologous chromosomes begin to pair up ✔
c) Sister chromatids separate
d) Cytoplasm divides - What are paired homologous chromosomes called in Zygotene?
a) Sister chromatids
b) Tetrads or bivalents ✔
c) Monads
d) Daughter chromosomes - Which special structure holds homologous chromosomes together during Zygotene?
a) Kinetochores
b) Synaptonemal complex ✔
c) Spindle fibers
d) Centromeres - What becomes clearly visible during Pachytene?
a) Two chromatids
b) All four chromatids of a bivalent ✔
c) Centrosomes
d) Nuclear envelope - Where does crossing over occur during Pachytene?
a) At the centromere
b) At recombination nodules on non-sister chromatids ✔
c) On spindle fibers
d) On mitochondria - Which enzyme controls the process of crossing over?
a) DNA polymerase
b) Recombinase ✔
c) RNA polymerase
d) Ligase - What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I?
a) Produces diploid cells
b) Increases genetic recombination and diversity ✔
c) Duplicates DNA
d) Forms syncytium - By the end of Pachytene, what remains linked at crossover sites?
a) Sister chromatids
b) Chromosomes ✔
c) Centrosomes
d) Spindle fibers
- What happens to the synaptonemal complex during Diplotene?
a) It becomes thicker
b) It dissolves ✔
c) It forms chiasmata
d) It attaches to spindle fibers - During Diplotene, how are homologous chromosomes connected?
a) By spindle fibers
b) By centromeres
c) At crossover points called chiasmata ✔
d) They are completely separated - In which cells can the Diplotene stage last for months or years?
a) Somatic cells
b) Male sperm cells
c) Female egg cells (oocytes) ✔
d) Plant root cells - What is the final stage of Prophase I called?
a) Leptotene
b) Zygotene
c) Diplotene
d) Diakinesis ✔ - During Diakinesis, what happens to the chiasmata?
a) They disappear completely
b) They move toward the ends of chromosomes (terminalisation) ✔
c) They form recombination nodules
d) They attach to spindle fibers - Which of the following occurs during Diakinesis?
a) Chromosomes begin to condense
b) Chromosomes become fully condensed ✔
c) DNA replicates
d) Cytoplasm divides - What begins to form during Diakinesis?
a) Nuclear envelope
b) Spindle ✔
c) Nucleolus
d) Centrosome only - Which cellular structure disappears during Diakinesis?
a) Centrosome
b) Nucleolus ✔
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Ribosome - What marks the end of Prophase I and beginning of Metaphase I?
a) DNA replication
b) Nuclear membrane breakdown ✔
c) Cytokinesis
d) Synapsis
- During Metaphase I, where do bivalent chromosomes line up?
a) At the spindle poles
b) At the equator of the cell ✔
c) Randomly in the cytoplasm
d) Around the nuclear envelope - In Metaphase I, where do spindle fibers attach?
a) To the centrioles only
b) To the kinetochores of homologous chromosomes ✔
c) To the nucleolus
d) To the cell membrane - What happens during Anaphase I?
a) Sister chromatids separate
b) Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles ✔
c) Nuclear envelope forms
d) DNA replicates - Do sister chromatids separate during Anaphase I?
a) Yes
b) No, they remain attached at centromeres ✔
c) Only in male gametes
d) Only in plant cells - What happens during Telophase I?
a) Homologous chromosomes pair up
b) Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear ✔
c) Crossing over occurs
d) Chromosomes align at the equator - What is formed after cytokinesis in Telophase I?
a) One diploid cell
b) Two haploid daughter cells ✔
c) Four haploid cells
d) A multinucleate cell - What is the chromosome state called in Telophase I?
a) Monad stage
b) Dyad stage ✔
c) Tetrad stage
d) Haploid stage - Do chromosomes fully unwind during Telophase I like in interphase?
a) Yes
b) No, they slightly loosen but do not fully unwind ✔
c) Only in animals
d) Only in plants - What is Interkinesis?
a) The phase of DNA replication before meiosis II
b) A short rest phase between meiosis I and II ✔
c) The final stage of meiosis II
d) The stage where chromosomes condense - Does DNA replication occur during Interkinesis?
a) Yes
b) No ✔
c) Only in plant cells
d) Only in male gametes - Which stage follows Interkinesis?
a) Metaphase I
b) Prophase II ✔
c) Telophase I
d) Anaphase II - How does Prophase II compare to Prophase I?
a) It is longer and more complex
b) It is much simpler and shorter ✔
c) They are identical
d) It does not involve spindle formation
- What does Meiosis II resemble most closely?
a) Meiosis I
b) Mitosis ✔
c) Interphase
d) Cytokinesis - What separates in Meiosis II?
a) Homologous chromosomes
b) Sister chromatids ✔
c) DNA molecules
d) Centrosomes - Which are the four main stages of Meiosis II?
a) Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
b) Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II ✔
c) Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene
d) G1, S, G2, M - What happens during Prophase II?
a) Chromosomes condense again and nuclear envelope starts breaking down ✔
b) Sister chromatids separate
c) Cytokinesis occurs
d) Homologous chromosomes pair - How long is Prophase II compared to Prophase I?
a) Longer and more complex
b) Shorter and brief ✔
c) Identical
d) Only occurs in plants - During Metaphase II, where do chromosomes align?
a) At the spindle poles
b) Along the equatorial plane of each haploid cell ✔
c) Randomly in the cytoplasm
d) Around the nucleolus - What connects sister chromatids at Metaphase II?
a) Spindle fibers
b) Centromere ✔
c) Synaptonemal complex
d) Chiasmata - What happens during Anaphase II?
a) Homologous chromosomes separate
b) Centromeres split and sister chromatids move to opposite poles ✔
c) Nuclear envelope forms
d) Chromosomes condense - What are sister chromatids called after separation in Anaphase II?
a) Homologous chromosomes
b) Daughter chromosomes ✔
c) Bivalents
d) Tetrads - What happens during Telophase II?
a) Chromosomes condense further
b) Chromosomes reach poles and nuclear membranes reform ✔
c) Homologous chromosomes pair
d) DNA replicates - How many haploid daughter cells are produced at the end of Meiosis II?
a) Two
b) Four ✔
c) One
d) Eight - Do the four daughter cells produced by meiosis have identical genetic material?
a) Yes
b) No, they are genetically distinct ✔
c) Only in plants
d) Only in animals - Why are the four haploid cells genetically distinct?
a) Due to DNA replication
b) Due to genetic recombination during Meiosis I ✔
c) Due to cytokinesis
d) Because of spindle fibers
Continuing numbering from 158, with bolded questions and options:
- What is a major role of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?
a) To double the chromosome number
b) To maintain the constant chromosome number across generations ✔
c) To produce identical diploid cells
d) To repair damaged DNA - How is the diploid number of chromosomes restored in offspring?
a) By DNA replication
b) By fusion of haploid gametes during fertilization ✔
c) By mitotic division
d) By cytokinesis - Why is maintaining the chromosome number important?
a) To create genetic mutations
b) To preserve genetic stability of a species ✔
c) To form syncytium
d) To separate sister chromatids - How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?
a) Through crossing over and independent assortment ✔
b) Through cytokinesis only
c) By DNA replication in Interphase
d) By forming bivalents only - What happens during crossing over in Prophase I?
a) Homologous chromosomes separate
b) Genetic material is exchanged between non-sister chromatids ✔
c) Sister chromatids move to opposite poles
d) Chromosomes condense fully - Why is genetic variation important for populations?
a) It allows populations to better respond to environmental changes ✔
b) It increases chromosome number
c) It decreases cell division
d) It prevents fertilization - How does genetic variation drive evolution?
a) By producing identical offspring
b) By creating new gene combinations that allow adaptation and survival ✔
c) By reducing the number of chromosomes
d) By preventing meiosis - Which processes in meiosis create new gene combinations?
a) Cytokinesis and karyokinesis
b) Crossing over and independent assortment ✔
c) Prophase II and Metaphase II
d) Interkinesis only
Continuing numbering from 166, with bolded questions and options:
- According to the cell theory, from where do all cells originate?
a) From organelles
b) From pre-existing cells ✔
c) From the nucleus
d) From the cytoplasm - In sexually reproducing organisms, life begins as:
a) A multicellular embryo
b) A single-celled zygote ✔
c) A tissue
d) A gamete - What is the complete sequence of events in a cell’s life called?
a) Cytokinesis
b) Cell cycle ✔
c) Karyokinesis
d) Interphase - What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
a) Prophase and Anaphase
b) Interphase and M phase ✔
c) S phase and G2 phase
d) Telophase and Cytokinesis - Which stages are included in Interphase?
a) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
b) G1, S, G2 ✔
c) Meiosis I and Meiosis II
d) Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene - What occurs during the G1 phase?
a) DNA replication
b) Cell growth, metabolic activities, and organelle duplication begins ✔
c) Cytoplasm divides
d) Spindle fibers form - What happens during S phase?
a) Cell grows
b) DNA replication occurs, duplicating chromosomes ✔
c) Nuclear membrane forms
d) Cytoplasm divides - What occurs in G2 phase?
a) DNA replication
b) Further cytoplasmic growth and preparation for mitosis ✔
c) Chromosomes align at equator
d) Crossing over occurs - Which stages are part of the mitotic phase (M phase)?
a) G1, S, G2
b) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase ✔
c) Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene
d) Interkinesis, Prophase II, Metaphase II - What are the main events in Prophase of mitosis?
a) DNA replication and organelle duplication
b) Chromosomes condense, centrioles move to poles, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear, spindle fibers form ✔
c) Chromosomes align at the equator
d) Cytoplasm divides - During Metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes:
a) Condense
b) Align along the equatorial plate ✔
c) Separate
d) Decondense - What happens during Anaphase of mitosis?
a) Chromosomes condense
b) Centromeres split and sister chromatids move to opposite poles ✔
c) Nuclear envelope reforms
d) Spindle fibers disappear - During Telophase of mitosis:
a) Cytoplasm divides
b) Chromatids reach poles, decondense, and new nuclear membranes and nucleoli form ✔
c) Homologous chromosomes pair
d) Crossing over occurs - What follows Telophase in mitosis?
a) DNA replication
b) Cytokinesis ✔
c) Metaphase II
d) Interkinesis - Why is mitosis called equational division?
a) Because it reduces chromosome number
b) Because the chromosome number remains unchanged ✔
c) Because it creates gametes
d) Because it forms a zygote - What is meiosis called and why?
a) Equational division; because chromosome number stays same
b) Reductional division; because chromosome number is reduced by half ✔
c) Cytokinesis; because cytoplasm divides
d) Interphase; because DNA replicates - During Meiosis I, what do homologous chromosomes form?
a) Sister chromatids
b) Bivalents ✔
c) Dyads
d) Tetrads only in Meiosis II - Which process in Meiosis I increases genetic variation?
a) Cytokinesis
b) Crossing over ✔
c) DNA replication
d) Cell growth - What are the sub-stages of Prophase I in meiosis?
a) G1, S, G2
b) Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis ✔
c) Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
d) Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I - What occurs in Metaphase I?
a) Homologous chromosomes pair
b) Bivalents align at the equator ✔
c) Sister chromatids separate
d) Cytokinesis - What occurs in Anaphase I?
a) Sister chromatids separate
b) Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles, reducing chromosome number ✔
c) Nuclear envelope forms
d) Chromosomes condense - During Telophase I, what forms in the cell?
a) Two diploid cells
b) Two haploid daughter cells ✔
c) Four haploid cells
d) A syncytium - Does DNA replication occur between Meiosis I and II?
a) Yes
b) No ✔
c) Only in male gametes
d) Only in plants - What separates in Meiosis II?
a) Homologous chromosomes
b) Sister chromatids ✔
c) DNA molecules
d) Centrosomes - How many haploid cells result at the end of meiosis?
a) One
b) Two
c) Four ✔
d) Eight - Are the four haploid cells genetically identical?
a) Yes
b) No ✔
c) Only in plants
d) Only in animals - What is the significance of meiosis for chromosome number?
a) Increases chromosome number
b) Maintains constant chromosome number across generations ✔
c) Reduces chromosome number in diploid cells permanently
d) Repairs chromosomes - Which processes in meiosis contribute to genetic variation?
a) DNA replication and cytokinesis
b) Crossing over and independent assortment ✔
c) Spindle formation only
d) Telophase and Prophase II - Why is genetic variation important for species?
a) Increases chromosome number
b) Allows adaptation and drives evolution ✔
c) Prevents cell division
d) Maintains diploidy only
