Topic 1- Nouns
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas. They are one of the basic building blocks of a sentence.
1. Types of Nouns
- Common Nouns: These are general names for things. They aren’t specific. For example:
- dog, city, book, car, teacher
- Proper Nouns: These name specific people, places, or things. They begin with capital letters. For example:
- John, London, Friday, Amazon
- Concrete Nouns: These are things you can see or touch. For example:
- Abstract Nouns: These are things you can’t touch or see, like feelings or ideas. For example:
- love, happiness, freedom, courage
- Countable Nouns: These are things you can count. For example:
- book/books, apple/apples, chair/chairs
- Uncountable Nouns: These are things you can’t count individually. For example:
- Collective Nouns: These are names for groups of things or people. For example:
- family, team, flock, class
2. Noun Functions
- Subject: A noun can be the subject of a sentence, meaning it’s what the sentence is about. For example:
- Object: A noun can be the object of a sentence, meaning it receives the action. For example:
- Possession: Nouns can show ownership. For example:
- This is John’s car. (Showing that John owns the car)
3. Noun Gender
- Masculine: Refers to male beings. For example:
- Feminine: Refers to female beings. For example:
- Neuter: Refers to things that are neither male nor female. For example:
- Common Gender: Refers to nouns that can be either male or female. For example:
4. Plurals and Possessive Forms
- Plural Nouns: To show that there’s more than one of something, we usually add “s” or “es” at the end. For example:
- Possessive Nouns: To show ownership, we add an apostrophe and “s”. For example:
5. Noun Phrases
A noun can be part of a larger group of words called a “noun phrase”. This includes the noun and any other words that describe it. For example:
- The big red car (Here, “car” is the noun, and “big red” describes it).
6. Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns
- Countable Nouns: You can count them. For example:
- Three apples, five chairs
- Uncountable Nouns: You can’t count them individually. For example:
Examples of Nouns in Sentences:
- The dog is playing. (dog = thing)
- I love music. (music = idea)
- My sister is at school. (sister = person)
- We live in New York. (New York = place)
In short, nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas, and they are essential in making a sentence clear!
Topic 2- Pronouns
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns to avoid repetition in sentences.
1. Types of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
These replace specific people or things. They change depending on the person, number, and case (subject, object, possessive).
- Subject Pronouns (used as the subject of a sentence):
- I, you, he, she, it, we, they
- Example: She is reading a book.
- Object Pronouns (used as the object of a verb or preposition):
- me, you, him, her, it, us, them
- Example: I saw him at the store.
- Possessive Pronouns (show ownership):
- mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
- Example: This book is mine.
Reflexive Pronouns
These refer back to the subject of the sentence. They end in “-self” or “-selves.”
- myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
- Example: She did it herself.
Demonstrative Pronouns
These point to specific things or people. They help indicate or “demonstrate.”
- this, that, these, those
- Example: These are my shoes.
Interrogative Pronouns
These are used to ask questions.
- who, whom, whose, which, what
- Example: Who is coming to the party?
Relative Pronouns
These introduce relative clauses and connect them to the rest of the sentence.
- who, whom, whose, which, that
- Example: The man who called you is here.
Indefinite Pronouns
These refer to non-specific people or things.
- anyone, everyone, someone, nobody, anything, everything, nothing, some, few, many, all, each, etc.
- Example: Someone is at the door.
Reciprocal Pronouns
These show a mutual action or relationship.
- each other, one another
- Example: They love each other.
Distributive Pronouns
These refer to members of a group individually.
- each, either, neither
- Example: Either of the two options is fine.
2. Pronoun Case
Pronouns change depending on whether they’re the subject, object, or showing possession:
- Subject Case: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
- Example: I am going to the store.
- Object Case: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
- Example: She gave me the book.
- Possessive Case: my, your, his, her, its, our, their (for adjectives) and mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs (for pronouns)
- Example: That is his book. / The book is his.
3. Agreement with Pronouns
Pronouns must agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace:
- Number Agreement: Singular or plural
- Example: He is happy. / They are happy.
- Gender Agreement: Male, female, or neutral
- Example: He is my brother. / She is my sister. / It is a car.
4. Possessive Pronouns vs. Possessive Adjectives
Possessive pronouns show ownership, while possessive adjectives are used before a noun to show ownership.
- Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
- Example: This book is mine.
- Possessive Adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
- Example: This is my book.
5. Examples of Pronouns in Sentences
- Personal Pronouns: She went to the store.
- Reflexive Pronouns: He hurt himself while playing.
- Demonstrative Pronouns: Those are my shoes.
- Interrogative Pronouns: Who is coming to the party?
- Relative Pronouns: The teacher who helps me is kind.
- Indefinite Pronouns: Everyone was invited to the event.
- Reciprocal Pronouns: They helped each other with homework.
6. Why Pronouns Are Important
Pronouns help to avoid repetition and make sentences smoother. For example:
- Without pronouns: John went to John’s car, and John drove John’s car to John’s house.
- With pronouns: John went to his car, and he drove it to his house.
Conclusion
Pronouns replace nouns in sentences and help avoid repetition. They come in different types and forms, each serving a unique function in language, from indicating possession to asking questions or showing relationships between ideas.
By using pronouns correctly, you can make your speech or writing more fluid and clear!
Topic 3- Verbs
Verbs are words that describe actions, states, or occurrences. They are an essential part of any sentence because they tell what the subject is doing or what is happening to the subject.
1. Types of Verbs
Action Verbs
Action verbs describe something the subject does. They can refer to physical or mental actions.
- Physical Action Verbs:
- run, jump, eat, sleep, walk, write
- Example: She runs every morning.
- Mental Action Verbs:
- think, believe, remember, consider, understand
- Example: I think you’re right.
Linking Verbs
Linking verbs connect the subject of a sentence with a word that describes or identifies it, often a noun or an adjective. They don’t show action, but instead link the subject to more information.
- Common Linking Verbs: be, seem, appear, feel, become, look, sound, taste, etc.
- Example: The cake smells delicious.
Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs)
Helping verbs work with main verbs to create verb phrases. They are used to form different tenses, moods, voices, and aspects.
- Common Helping Verbs: am, is, are, was, were, has, have, had, will, shall, can, may, must, could, should, would, might, etc.
- Example: She has been studying all night.
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are a type of helping verb that express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability.
- Common Modal Verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to
- Example: You must wear a helmet while biking.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs) that take on a new meaning.
- Example: She gave up smoking. (Here, “give up” means “quit”)
- Common examples: look up, turn on, run out of, bring up, pick up
2. Verb Tenses
Tenses tell us when an action happened. They are divided into three main categories: past, present, and future. Each of these can be simple, continuous, perfect, or perfect continuous.
Present Tense
- Simple Present: Describes a habit or general fact.
- Present Continuous: Describes an action happening right now.
- Present Perfect: Describes an action that happened at an unspecified time or continues to the present.
- I have seen that movie before.
- Present Perfect Continuous: Describes an action that started in the past and is still continuing.
- They have been studying for two hours.
Past Tense
- Simple Past: Describes an action that happened in the past and is finished.
- I watched a movie last night.
- Past Continuous: Describes an action that was happening at a specific time in the past.
- She was eating dinner when I called.
- Past Perfect: Describes an action that was completed before another past action.
- I had finished my homework before the movie started.
- Past Perfect Continuous: Describes a continuous action that was happening before another action in the past.
- He had been working for three hours when the power went out.
Future Tense
- Simple Future: Describes an action that will happen in the future.
- I will visit the doctor tomorrow.
- Future Continuous: Describes an action that will be happening at a specific time in the future.
- She will be studying at 8 PM.
- Future Perfect: Describes an action that will be completed before another future action.
- I will have finished my work by 5 PM.
- Future Perfect Continuous: Describes a continuous action that will have been happening before a certain point in the future.
- By next year, they will have been living here for five years.
3. Verb Forms
Verbs change form based on tense, number, and person. Here are the common forms of a verb:
- Base Form: The original, unmodified form of the verb.
- Past Tense: Shows an action that happened in the past.
- Past Participle: Used with helping verbs to form perfect tenses.
- eaten, gone, played, slept
- Present Participle (Gerund): The “ing” form of the verb.
- eating, going, playing, sleeping
4. Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
- Transitive Verbs: These verbs require an object (a noun or pronoun) to complete their meaning.
- Example: She ate an apple. (Apple is the object)
- Intransitive Verbs: These verbs do not require an object.
- Example: He sleeps deeply. (No object needed)
5. Regular vs. Irregular Verbs
- Regular Verbs: These verbs follow a standard pattern when changing from present to past tense. You generally add “-ed” to the base form.
- Example: play → played, talk → talked
- Irregular Verbs: These verbs don’t follow a standard pattern when changing tenses. You must memorize their forms.
- Example: go → went, eat → ate, have → had
6. Verb Voice
- Active Voice: The subject performs the action of the verb.
- Example: The teacher explains the lesson.
- Passive Voice: The subject receives the action of the verb.
- Example: The lesson is explained by the teacher.
7. Verb Mood
- Indicative Mood: Used to state facts or ask questions.
- Example: She plays the piano.
- Imperative Mood: Used to give commands or requests.
- Example: Please pass the salt.
- Subjunctive Mood: Used to express wishes, suggestions, or hypothetical situations.
- Example: I wish she were here.
8. Importance of Verbs
Verbs are the heart of a sentence because they tell us what is happening. They can express actions, states, and links between subjects and predicates. Without verbs, sentences wouldn’t make sense or convey meaning.
Examples of Verbs in Sentences
- Action Verb: She runs every morning.
- Linking Verb: He is tired.
- Helping Verb: I am going to the store.
- Modal Verb: You must study for the test.
- Phrasal Verb: She turned off the lights.
Topic 4- Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns (people, places, things, or ideas) to give more information about them. They tell us more details, such as what something looks like, how much of it there is, or what kind it is.
1. Types of Adjectives
Descriptive Adjectives
These adjectives describe the qualities or characteristics of a noun. They tell us what something is like.
- Examples: beautiful, tall, happy, blue, smart
- The blue sky is clear. (describes the sky)
- She is a smart student. (describes the student)
Quantitative Adjectives
These adjectives tell us how much or how many of something there is.
- Examples: some, many, few, all, several, much, little
- I have some money. (shows how much)
- There are many people in the room. (shows how many)
Demonstrative Adjectives
These adjectives point out or specify a noun.
- Examples: this, that, these, those
- I like this book. (points out a specific book)
- Give me those shoes. (points out specific shoes)
Possessive Adjectives
These adjectives show ownership or possession.
- Examples: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
- This is my car. (shows ownership of the car)
- Is this your pen? (shows ownership of the pen)
Interrogative Adjectives
These adjectives are used to ask questions about nouns.
- Examples: which, what, whose
- Which book do you want? (asks about a book)
- Whose shoes are these? (asks about ownership of shoes)
Comparative Adjectives
These adjectives compare two nouns to show how they are different or similar. They often end in “-er” or use “more” or “less.”
- Examples: bigger, smaller, faster, more interesting, less expensive
- This chair is bigger than that one. (compares two chairs)
- She is more intelligent than her brother. (compares intelligence)
Superlative Adjectives
These adjectives show the highest or lowest degree of something when comparing three or more nouns. They often end in “-est” or use “most” or “least.”
- Examples: biggest, smallest, fastest, most interesting, least expensive
- This is the biggest building in the city. (compares among many buildings)
- He is the most talented player on the team. (compares among all players)
2. Position of Adjectives in Sentences
Adjectives typically come before the noun they modify, but sometimes they come after certain verbs (like linking verbs).
- Before a Noun:
- The red car is fast. (The adjective “red” comes before the noun “car.”)
- After a Linking Verb:
- The car is fast. (The adjective “fast” comes after the verb “is.”)
3. Adjective Order
When you use multiple adjectives to describe a noun, they often follow a specific order:
- Quantity or number: three, many, few
- Opinion or observation: beautiful, ugly, amazing
- Size: big, small, tall
- Age: young, old
- Shape: round, square
- Color: blue, red, green
- Proper adjective (usually comes last): American, Italian
- Example: She bought three beautiful big round green apples.
4. Adjective vs. Adverb
Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
- Adjective: She is a happy girl. (describes the noun “girl”)
- Adverb: She sings happily. (describes the verb “sings”)
5. Examples of Adjectives in Sentences
- Descriptive: The bright sun is shining.
- Quantitative: I have few friends.
- Demonstrative: Can you pass me those books?
- Possessive: This is his book.
- Interrogative: What color is your car?
- Comparative: This test is easier than the last one.
- Superlative: She is the best student in the class.
6. Importance of Adjectives
Adjectives help to add detail, make your writing more interesting, and allow you to express your thoughts more clearly. Without adjectives, sentences would be very plain and lacking in detail.
- Without adjectives: The dog is big.
- With adjectives: The large brown dog is friendly.
Adjectives bring life to the nouns they describe by telling us more about their qualities, size, shape, color, and more!
Topic 5- Adverbs
Adverbs are words that describe or give more information about verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They tell us how, when, where, or to what extent something happens.
1. What Adverbs Do
Adverbs modify or give more details about:
- Verbs: Tell us how, when, where, or to what extent an action is done.
- Example: She runs quickly.
- Adjectives: Tell us more about the quality or degree of a noun’s description.
- Example: He is very tall.
- Other Adverbs: Tell us how one action is happening in relation to another.
- Example: She sings quite loudly.
2. Types of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
These adverbs describe how something is done (the way an action happens).
- Examples: quickly, slowly, carefully, happily, badly
- She ran quickly to the store.
- He answered the question carefully.
Adverbs of Time
These adverbs describe when something happens or how often.
- Examples: now, yesterday, soon, later, always, never, today
- I will call you tomorrow.
- We are always late.
Adverbs of Place
These adverbs describe where something happens.
- Examples: here, there, everywhere, nowhere, inside, outside
- She looked everywhere for her keys.
- He is outside the house.
Adverbs of Frequency
These adverbs tell us how often something happens.
- Examples: often, rarely, usually, sometimes, never, always
- I always wake up early.
- She rarely eats junk food.
Adverbs of Degree
These adverbs describe the extent or intensity of an action, adjective, or another adverb.
- Examples: very, quite, too, enough, almost, completely, extremely
- She is very tall.
- I am too tired to continue.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation
These adverbs are used to give yes/no answers or to show negation.
- Examples: yes, no, not, never, certainly, surely
- I will never forget this day.
- He is certainly coming to the party.
Adverbs of Reason
These adverbs tell why something happens.
- Examples: therefore, thus, consequently, because
- She was late, therefore she missed the train.
- He didn’t study, thus he failed the test.
3. Position of Adverbs in Sentences
Adverbs can be placed in different positions in a sentence depending on what they describe:
- Before a verb: She sings beautifully.
- After a verb: He speaks loudly.
- Before an adjective: The movie was very interesting.
- Before another adverb: She runs quite fast.
For adverbs of time and place, they often go at the end of the sentence.
- Example: I will see you soon.
- Example: They live here.
4. Examples of Adverbs in Sentences
- Adverb of Manner: She danced gracefully.
- Adverb of Time: I will call you later.
- Adverb of Place: We looked everywhere for the book.
- Adverb of Frequency: He never forgets his keys.
- Adverb of Degree: She is extremely talented.
- Adverb of Affirmation: Yes, I will help you.
- Adverb of Negation: He is not coming to the meeting.
5. Why Adverbs Are Important
Adverbs help make language more detailed and interesting. Without adverbs, sentences would be simpler and less informative. They allow us to explain how something happens, when it happens, and where it happens. Adverbs also help us to show the degree or extent of an action.
- Without adverbs: She sings.
- With adverbs: She sings beautifully.
Topic 6- Prepositions
Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and another word in the sentence. They usually describe where something is, when something happens, or how things are connected. Prepositions often tell us about the location, time, or direction of an action.
1. What Prepositions Do
Prepositions help link nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence by showing:
- Where something is or happens (location)
- When something happens (time)
- How something is done (manner or method)
- Direction or movement of something
2. Common Prepositions
Prepositions of Place (Location)
These prepositions describe where something is.
- Examples: in, on, under, over, next to, between, behind, in front of
- The book is on the table. (shows location of the book)
- She is sitting next to me. (shows location of the person)
- The cat is under the bed. (shows location of the cat)
Prepositions of Time
These prepositions describe when something happens.
- Examples: at, on, in, before, after, during, until
- We will meet at 3 PM. (shows the time of the meeting)
- He was born on Monday. (shows the day of the week)
- The movie starts in the evening. (shows the time of day)
- We will leave after the meeting. (shows the time after the meeting)
Prepositions of Direction/Movement
These prepositions describe where something is moving to or in which direction.
- Examples: to, into, toward, through, across, from
- She is going to the store. (shows the direction of movement)
- He walked through the door. (shows the direction of movement)
- The boat sailed across the river. (shows movement across a place)
Prepositions of Manner or Method
These prepositions describe how something happens or the method used.
- Examples: by, with, in, on
- He travels by car. (shows the method of travel)
- She wrote the letter with a pen. (shows the tool used)
Prepositions of Cause or Reason
These prepositions describe the reason or cause for something.
- Examples: because of, due to, for
- The flight was delayed because of the weather. (shows the cause of the delay)
- He got an award for his hard work. (shows the reason for the award)
3. Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, its object (usually a noun or pronoun), and any other words that modify the object. Prepositional phrases add more information to a sentence.
- Example: The cat is under the table. (“under the table” is the prepositional phrase)
- Example: He walked through the park. (“through the park” is the prepositional phrase)
4. Common Prepositions
Here’s a list of some of the most common prepositions:
- Place: in, on, under, above, between, behind, next to, around, over
- Time: at, on, in, before, after, during, since, until
- Direction: to, from, toward, into, across, along, through
- Method: by, with, on, in
5. Examples of Prepositions in Sentences
- The cat is under the table. (location)
- She went to the store. (direction)
- We will meet at 6 PM. (time)
- He is traveling by bus. (method)
- She studied for the test. (reason)
6. Importance of Prepositions
Prepositions are important because they help show how nouns and pronouns relate to other words in the sentence. Without prepositions, sentences would be confusing and lack important details like location, time, or direction.
- Without prepositions: She went store.
- With prepositions: She went to the store. (shows the direction)
Topic 7- Conjunctions
1. What Conjunctions Do
Conjunctions are used to:
- Connect words: apple and orange.
- Join phrases: in the morning and in the evening.
- Connect clauses (parts of sentences): I wanted to go, but I was tired.
2. Types of Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses that are similar or equal in meaning. There are 7 main coordinating conjunctions, which can be remembered using the acronym FANBOYS:
- F – for (because)
- A – and (in addition)
- N – nor (not either)
- B – but (showing contrast)
- O – or (showing choice)
- Y – yet (but at the same time)
- S – so (showing result)
Examples:
- I want to go but I’m too tired. (Shows contrast)
- She likes apples and oranges. (Joins two things)
- Do you want coffee or tea? (Shows a choice)
- He didn’t study, so he failed the test. (Shows result)
Subordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions connect an independent clause (a complete thought) to a dependent clause (a part that can’t stand alone). They show the relationship between the two clauses, like cause and effect, time, or condition.
Common subordinating conjunctions:
- Time: when, before, after, while, until
- Cause/Reason: because, since, as, so that
- Condition: if, unless, provided that
- Contrast: although, though, even though
- Place: wherever
Examples:
- I will call you when I arrive. (shows time)
- She was late because she missed the bus. (shows reason)
- If it rains, we’ll stay inside.* (shows condition)
- Although he was tired, he finished the work.* (shows contrast)
Correlative Conjunctions
These conjunctions work in pairs to connect equal parts of a sentence. They always appear in pairs.
Common correlative conjunctions:
- either…or (choice)
- neither…nor (negation)
- both…and (addition)
- not only…but also (addition and emphasis)
- whether…or (choice or condition)
Examples:
- You can either have coffee or tea. (shows a choice)
- She is both smart and hardworking. (adds two qualities)
- He is not only talented but also kind. (adds emphasis)
- I don’t know whether he will come or not. (shows a choice or condition)
3. Examples of Conjunctions in Sentences
- Coordinating Conjunctions:
- I want to go to the party, but I have too much homework.
- She likes tea and coffee.
- Subordinating Conjunctions:
- I will call you when I get home. (time)
- I stayed home because it was raining. (cause)
- If you study hard, you will pass the exam.* (condition)
- Correlative Conjunctions:
- I will either visit you or call you. (choice)
- She is not only kind but also generous. (adds emphasis)
4. Why Conjunctions Are Important
Conjunctions are essential because they help link different parts of a sentence, making it more understandable and less choppy. Without conjunctions, sentences would be short and disjointed, making it harder to express ideas clearly.
- Without conjunctions: I wanted to go. I was tired.
- With conjunctions: I wanted to go, but I was tired. (shows contrast)
In short, conjunctions are words that connect other words, phrases, or clauses. They help to make our sentences longer, clearer, and more interesting by showing relationships between ideas.
Topic 8- Interjections
Interjections are words or phrases that express strong feelings or emotions. They are often used to show surprise, excitement, joy, anger, or other strong reactions. Interjections are usually followed by an exclamation mark (!) but can sometimes appear with a comma (,) if the emotion is less intense.
1. What Interjections Do
Interjections show:
- Emotions: Surprise, joy, excitement, disappointment, anger, etc.
- Reactions: Immediate feelings or thoughts in response to something.
2. Types of Interjections
Interjections of Surprise or Shock
These interjections show surprise, shock, or disbelief.
- Examples: Wow!, Oh!, Oh my!, Gee!, Goodness!
- Wow! That was an amazing performance! (surprise)
- Oh my! I can’t believe this happened! (shock)
Interjections of Joy or Excitement
These interjections show happiness, excitement, or pleasure.
- Examples: Yay!, Hooray!, Hurrah!
- Yay! We won the game! (excitement)
- Hooray! It’s my birthday! (joy)
Interjections of Disappointment or Sadness
These interjections express feelings of sadness, disappointment, or regret.
- Examples: Oh no!, Alas!, Boo!
- Oh no! I missed the bus! (disappointment)
- Alas, we lost the match. (sadness)
Interjections of Anger or Frustration
These interjections show anger, frustration, or annoyance.
- Examples: Ugh!, Geez!, Grr!
- Ugh! I can’t believe this is happening! (frustration)
- Grr! This is so annoying! (anger)
Interjections of Agreement or Approval
These interjections show agreement, approval, or understanding.
- Examples: Yes!, Yeah!, Alright!
- Yes! I totally agree with you. (agreement)
- Yeah! That sounds like a great idea! (approval)
Interjections of Disagreement or Dismissal
These interjections show disagreement or a lack of interest.
- Examples: Nope!, Nah!, Pfft!
- Nope! I don’t want to go. (disagreement)
- Nah! That’s not what I meant. (dismissal)
Interjections of Pain or Discomfort
These interjections express physical or emotional pain.
- Examples: Ouch!, Ow!, Aah!
- Ouch! That hurt! (pain)
- Ow! My foot hurts! (discomfort)
3. Examples of Interjections in Sentences
- Wow! That was amazing!
- Yay! We finished the project!
- Oh no! I forgot my homework!
- Ugh! This is so frustrating!
- Geez! That’s a lot of work!
- Yes! I finally passed the test!
- Nope! I’m not going there.
- Aah! That was scary!
4. Why Interjections Are Important
Interjections are important because they help us express emotions quickly and clearly. They show how we feel in a situation without needing a full sentence. They make language more expressive and lively, adding energy to conversations and writing.
- Without interjections: I am happy.
- With interjections: Yay! I am so happy! (more expressive)
In short, interjections are short words or phrases that show strong emotions or reactions. They help make communication more colorful and full of feeling.
PLEASE GO AND READ CHAPTER 2. *#THANKS FOR VISITING, VISIT AGAIN#* 😊
