Locomotion and Movement | Quality Hinglish NEET Notes | Class 11 Biology
Introduction By Learn Sufficient Notes💖
- Movement living organisms ka ek major feature hai. Dono animals aur plants alag-alag types ke movements dikhate hain. Unicellular organisms jaise Amoeba me, protoplasm streaming ek basic type ka movement hai. Kai organisms cilia, flagella, ya tentacles ke through move karte hain.
- Humans apne body parts jaise limbs, jaws, eyelids, aur tongue ko move kar sakte hain. Kuch movements body ke position ya location ko change karne me help karte hain. Inhe locomotion kehte hain aur ye voluntarily kiye jate hain. Examples me walking, running, climbing, flying, aur swimming shamil hain.
- Same body structures dono movement aur locomotion ke liye use ho sakte hain. Jaise, Paramecium me cilia dono food ko body ke andar move karne aur locomotion me help karte hain. Hydra me tentacles prey pakadne aur move karne dono ke liye use hote hain. Humans me limbs posture change karne aur locomotion dono me help karte hain.
- Ye examples dikhate hain ki movement aur locomotion closely related hain. Ye kaha ja sakta hai ki saare locomotions movements hote hain, lekin saare movements locomotion nahi hote.
- Locomotion ka type habitat aur situation par depend karta hai. Usually, animals move karte hain food, shelter, mates, breeding areas, better climate, ya predators se bachne ke liye.
2. Various Kinds of Movements in the Human Body
- Cells human body me teen main types ke movements dikhate hain: amoeboid, ciliary, aur muscular.
- Kuch specialized cells jaise macrophages aur leucocytes humare blood me amoeboid movement perform karte hain. Ye pseudopodia ki help se hota hai, jo protoplasm streaming se bante hain, bilkul Amoeba me jaise dikhte hain. Cell ke andar ke structures jaise cytoskeletal elements, including microfilaments, bhi is type ke movement me help karte hain.
- Ciliary movement kai internal tubular organs me hota hai jo ciliated epithelium se lined hote hain. Trachea me, cilia ka coordinated movement dust particles aur foreign substances ko remove karne me help karta hai jo hawa ke saath inhale hote hain. Females me, ovum ka reproductive tract ke through move karna bhi ciliary action se support hota hai.
- Muscular movement tab use hota hai jab hum apne limbs, jaws, tongue, aur dusre parts ko move karte hain. Ye movement muscles ke contractile property ki wajah se possible hai. Humans aur zyada tar multicellular organisms me, muscles locomotion aur dusre body movements dono ke liye essential hote hain.
- Locomotion depend karta hai well-coordinated kaam par jo muscular system, skeletal system, aur nervous system ke beech hota hai.
- Is chapter me, aap types of muscles, unka structure, kaise ye contract karte hain, aur skeletal system ke important features padhoge.
3. Introduction to Muscles in the Human Body
- Flagellar movement sperm cells ke swimming me, sponges ke canal system me water flow maintain karne me, aur Protists jaise Euglena ke locomotion me help karta hai.
- Muscles ko unke location, appearance, aur activity ke regulation ke basis par classify kiya jata hai. Location ke basis par, teen main types ke muscles hote hain:
- Cardiac muscles location, there are three main types of muscles:
- Skeletal muscles
- Visceral muscles
- Cardiac muscles
Skeletal Muscles–
- Skeletal muscles bones ke paas paaye jaate hain. Microscope se dekhne par inme striped appearance hoti hai, isi wajah se inhe striated muscles kaha jaata hai. Ye muscles voluntary control me kaam karte hain, matlab inka regulation nervous system ke through hota hai, isiliye inhe voluntary muscles bhi kaha jaata hai. Inka main kaam body movement aur posture changes ko support karna hota hai.
Visceral Muscles-
- Visceral muscles internal organs ki walls mein paaye jaate hain, jaise alimentary canal aur reproductive tract. In muscles mein striations nahi hote, isliye inka appearance smooth hota hai, aur isi wajah se inhe smooth muscles ya non-striated muscles bhi kaha jaata hai. Inka action involuntary hota hai, matlab ye conscious nervous system ke control mein nahi hote. Ye muscles kaam karte hain digestive system mein food ko move karne ke liye aur reproductive system mein gametes ko transport karne ke liye.
Cardiac Muscles-
- Cardiac muscles sirf heart me paayi jaati hain. Ye muscle cells branching pattern me arranged hote hain jisse cardiac tissue banta hai. Microscope ke neeche ye striated dikhte hain, bilkul skeletal muscles ki tarah. Lekin inki actions involuntary hoti hain, matlab ye directly nervous system dwara control nahi hote.
Structure of Muscle Fibre–
- ChatGPT said:
- Ek muscle fibre ek plasma membrane se covered hota hai, jise sarcolemma kaha jaata hai. Iske andar ek gel-like substance hota hai, jo sarcoplasm kehlata hai. Muscle fibre ko syncytium bhi kaha jaata hai, iska matlab hai ki ek hi cell ke andar multiple nuclei present hote hain.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum, jo muscle ka endoplasmic reticulum hota hai, ka kaam calcium ions ko store karna hota hai. Sarcoplasm ke andar bahut saari long, thread-like structures hoti hain, jinhe myofibrils ya myofilaments kaha jaata hai. Ye parallel arrangement mein hoti hain, jo muscle contraction ke liye responsible hoti hain.
- Har myofibril mein dark aur light bands alternate form mein hoti hain. Ye bands do important proteins ki wajah se banti hain: Actin aur Myosin.
- Light bands jo actin protein se banti hain, unhe I-bands kaha jata hai.
- Dark bands jo myosin protein se bante hain, unhe A-bands kaha jata hai.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle–
- Each skeletal muscle humare body me bohot saare muscle bundles ya fascicles se milke bana hota hai. Ye fascicles ek collagen-rich connective tissue layer fascia ke through ek saath bane rehte hain.
- Har muscle bundle me kai muscle fibres hote hain. Ek muscle fibre ko ek plasma membrane sarcolemma kehlaata hai, aur iska andar ka fluid sarcolemma ke andar sarcoplasm kehlaata hai. Kyunki ek muscle fibre me kai nuclei hote hain, isse syncytium ke naam se jaana jaata hai.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum ek special form of endoplasmic reticulum hai jo muscle fibres me paayi jaati hai, aur ye calcium ions store karta hai, jo muscle contraction ke liye zaroori hote hain.
- Sarcoplasm ke andar, bohot saari long, thread-like structures hoti hain jise myofibrils ya myofilaments kehte hain. Ye parallel me arranged hoti hain aur muscle ko iska striped (striated) appearance deti hain. Ye appearance do main proteins actin aur myosin ke arrangement ki wajah se hoti hai.
- Light bands me actin hota hai aur inhe I-bands ya isotropic bands kehte hain.
- Dark bands me myosin hota hai aur inhe A-bands ya anisotropic bands kehte hain.
Arrangement of Actin and Myosin–
- Proteins actin aur myosin rod jaisi shape ke hote hain aur ek dusre ke saath-saath aur myofibrils ki length ke parallel aligned hote hain.
- Actin filaments patle hote hain, jabki
- Myosin filaments mote hote hain.
- Is wajah se, inhe aksar thin aur thick filaments ke naam se refer kiya jaata hai.
- Har I-band ke center me ek Z-line hoti hai, jo ek elastic fibre hai. Actin (thin) filaments is Z-line se judi hoti hain. A-band me, myosin (thick) filaments center par ek aur line se judti hain jise M-line kehte hain.
- A-bands aur I-bands har myofibril ki length me alternate hote rehte hain.
Sarcomere and H-zone-
- Do Z-lines ke beech ka region sarcomere kehlaata hai. Ye muscle contraction ka functional unit hai.
- Jab muscle rest me hota hai, thin filaments thoda thick filaments ke upar overlap karte hain dono sides par. Lekin, thick filaments ka central part, jahan koi overlapping nahi hota, use H-zone kehte hain.
3. 1 Understanding the Framework of Contractile Proteins
Har actin filament (jo thin filament ke naam se bhi jana jaata hai) do ‘F’ actin chains se bana hota hai, jo ek dusre ke around helical structure me twisted hote hain. Har ‘F’ (filamentous) actin bohot saari chhoti units se bana hota hai, jise ‘G’ (globular) actins kehte hain.
Actin chains ke saath, ek aur protein ke do strands, jo tropomyosin kehlaate hain, F-actins ke parallel unki poori length me chale jaate hain. Tropomyosin par regular intervals par ek complex protein troponin attached hota hai.
Resting state me, troponin ka ek subunit actin filament par myosin ke active binding sites ko cover karta hai, is tarah contraction ko rokta hai.
Har myosin filament (jo thick filament ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai) bohot saare chhote proteins meromyosins ko combine karke bana hota hai.
Har meromyosin ke do main parts hote hain:
- Ek globular head ke saath short arm, jise milake heavy meromyosin (HMM) kehte hain
- Ek lambi tail, jise light meromyosin (LMM) kehte hain
HMM parts (head aur short arm) myosin filament ke surface se regular angles aur intervals par stick out karte hain. Ye projections cross arms kehlate hain.
Myosin ka globular head ATPase enzyme ke jaise kaam karta hai. Isme ATP ke liye binding sites (energy ke liye) aur actin ke liye active sites (contraction ke dauraan attachment ke liye) hote hain.
3.2 How Muscles Contract – The Working Process
- Sliding filament theory muscle contraction process ko explain karti hai. Is theory ke mutabiq, muscles tab contract karte hain jab thin filaments (actin) thick filaments (myosin) ke upar slide karte hain.
Initiation of Contraction
Calcium levels ke badhne se calcium troponin se actin filament par bind karta hai, jo actin ke active sites ka masking hata deta hai. Ab, myosin heads, ATP hydrolysis se energy use karke, in active sites se bind karte hain aur cross-bridges banate hain.
Ye action actin filaments ko A-band ke center ki taraf kheenchta hai, jo Z-lines ko bhi inward kheenchta hai. Isse sarcomere shorten hota hai, aur muscle contraction hoti hai.
Is process ke dauraan, I-bands chhoti ho jaati hain, lekin A-bands ki length same rehti hai.
Myosin head, pull complete karne ke baad, ADP aur Pi release karta hai aur apni relaxed state me wapas aa jaata hai. Phir ek nayi ATP molecule myosin se bind karti hai, jo cross-bridge ko todti hai.
ATP phir se break hoti hai, aur cross-bridge cycle repeat hota hai, jisse filaments ka continuous sliding hota rehta hai.
Cross Bridge Formation and Filament Sliding
Calcium levels ke badhne se calcium troponin se actin filament par bind karta hai, jo actin ke active sites ka masking hata deta hai. Ab, myosin heads, ATP hydrolysis se energy use karke, in active sites se bind karte hain aur cross-bridges banate hain.
Ye action actin filaments ko A-band ke center ki taraf kheenchta hai, jo Z-lines ko bhi inward kheenchta hai. Isse sarcomere shorten hota hai, aur muscle contraction hoti hai.
Is process ke dauraan, I-bands chhoti ho jaati hain, lekin A-bands ki length same rehti hai.
Myosin head, pull complete karne ke baad, ADP aur Pi release karta hai aur apni relaxed state me wapas aa jaata hai. Phir ek nayi ATP molecule myosin se bind karti hai, jo cross-bridge ko todti hai.
ATP phir se break hoti hai, aur cross-bridge cycle repeat hota hai, jisse filaments ka continuous sliding hota rehta hai.
Relaxation of Muscle
Contraction tab tak continue rehti hai jab tak calcium ions sarcoplasmic reticulum (cisternae) me wapas pump nahi kiye jaate. Isse actin ke active sites phir se mask ho jaate hain, aur Z-lines apni original position me wapas aa jaati hain, jisse muscle relaxation hoti hai.
Muscle Fatigue and Fibre Types
Alag-alag muscles ke alag-alag reaction times hote hain. Agar koi muscle baar-baar use hota hai, to wo fatigue develop kar sakta hai due to lactic acid accumulation. Ye tab hota hai jab glycogen anaerobically break down hota hai.
Muscles me ek red pigment hota hai jise myoglobin kehte hain, jo oxygen store karta hai. Jo muscles myoglobin se rich hote hain, wo reddish dikhaai dete hain aur inhe Red fibres kehte hain. Inme bohot saari mitochondria hoti hain, aur ye aerobic respiration se ATP produce karte hain. Isliye inhe aerobic muscles bhi kehte hain.
Kuch muscles me kam myoglobin hota hai aur ye whitish dikhaai dete hain. Inhe White fibres kehte hain. Inme kam mitochondria hoti hain lekin zyada sarcoplasmic reticulum, aur ye anaerobic respiration par energy ke liye depend karte hain.
4. Overview of the Human Skeletal Structure
Skeletal system human body ka structural framework banata hai. Ye bones aur kuch cartilages se bana hota hai. Ye system body movement me ek important role play karta hai.
Agar jaw bones nahi hote, to hum chew nahi kar paate, aur agar limb bones nahi hote, to walking impossible hoti.
Types of Connective Tissues
- Bone ek specialised connective tissue hai jiska hard matrix calcium salts se bana hota hai.
- Cartilage ek aur connective tissue hai, lekin isme thoda flexible matrix hota hai jo chondroitin salts ki wajah se hota hai.
Number and Divisions
Human me, skeleton me 206 bones aur kuch cartilages shamil hote hain. Ye system do main parts me divided hai:
- Axial Skeleton
- Appendicular Skeleton
1. Axial Skeleton
Axial skeleton me 80 bones hote hain aur ye body ke central axis ke along run karta hai. Isme shamil hain:
- Skull
- Vertebral column
- Sternum
- Ribs
1. Skull Structure
Skull me 22 bones hote hain:
- 8 cranial bones brain ke around ek hard, protective shell banate hain, jise cranium kehte hain.
- 14 facial bones skull ka front portion banate hain.
Ek special U-shaped bone jise hyoid kehte hain, wo buccal cavity (mouth area) ke base me located hai.
Har middle ear me teen chhoti bones hoti hain:
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
Inhe milake ear ossicles kehte hain.
Skull top of the vertebral column se do occipital condyles ke through connect hota hai, isse ye dicondylic skull kehlata hai.
2. Vertebral Column
Vertebral column me 26 vertebrae hote hain jo back ke along ek line me arranged hote hain. Ye skull ke base se shuru hota hai aur trunk ka main structure banata hai.
Har vertebra ka ek hollow central part hota hai jise neural canal kehte hain, jiske through spinal cord pass hoti hai.
- Pehla vertebra, jise atlas kehte hain, skull ke occipital condyles se connect hota hai.
Vertebral column ko paanch regions me divide kiya gaya hai:
- Cervical – 7 vertebrae
- Thoracic – 12 vertebrae
- Lumbar – 5 vertebrae
- Sacral – 1 fused unit
- Coccygeal – 1 fused unit
Saare mammals, including humans, me aam taur par 7 cervical vertebrae hote hain.
Functions of Vertebral Column
- Spinal cord ko protect karta hai
- Head ko support karta hai
- Ribs aur back ke muscles se connect karta hai
3. Sternum
Sternum ek flat bone hai jo chest (thorax) ke front side (ventral midline) me located hai.
4. Ribs
Human body me 12 pairs ribs hote hain. Har rib ek thin, flat bone hai jo back (dorsally) me vertebral column se aur front (ventrally) me sternum se connect hoti hai. Har rib ke back par do joint surfaces hote hain, isliye inhe bicephalic kehte hain. Pehli saat pairs ko true ribs kehte hain kyunki ye directly thoracic vertebrae se back me aur sternum se front me hyaline cartilage ke through connect hoti hain. 8th, 9th, aur 10th pairs ko false ribs ya vertebrochondral ribs kehte hain. Ye directly sternum se connect nahi hoti, balki 7th rib se hyaline cartilage ki madad se judi hoti hain. Last do pairs, 11th aur 12th, ko floating ribs kehte hain kyunki ye sternum se bilkul attach nahi hoti. Milke, thoracic vertebrae, ribs, aur sternum rib cage banate hain, jo lungs aur heart jaise vital organs ko protect karta hai.
Appendicular skeleton me limbs ke bones aur unke girdles shamil hote hain. Har limb me 30 bones hote hain.
Forelimb (hand) me bones hain: humerus, radius, aur ulna; uske baad carpals (8 wrist bones), metacarpals (5 palm bones), aur phalanges (14 finger bones).
Hind limb (leg) me main bones hain: femur (thigh bone aur body ka longest bone), tibia, aur fibula. Ankle me 7 tarsal bones, foot me 5 metatarsals, aur toes me 14 phalanges hote hain. Ek cup-shaped bone jise patella ya knee cap kehte hain, knee joint ke front ko cover karta hai.
Girdles limbs ko axial skeleton se connect karte hain. Pectoral girdle arms se connect karta hai, aur pelvic girdle legs se. Har pectoral girdle ke do halves hote hain, aur har half clavicle aur scapula se bana hota hai. Scapula ek large, flat, triangular bone hai jo upper back me 2nd aur 7th ribs ke beech located hai. Iske back par ek raised ridge hoti hai jise spine kehte hain, jo ek flat extension acromion me end hoti hai. Clavicle (collar bone) acromion se connect hoti hai. Acromion ke neeche ek depression hota hai jise glenoid cavity kehte hain, jahan humerus ka head fit hota hai, aur shoulder joint banta hai. Har clavicle ek long, slender bone hai jisme do curves hote hain.
Pelvic girdle me do coxal bones hote hain. Har coxal bone teen bones ke fusion se banta hai — ilium, ischium, aur pubis. In teen bones ke milne par ek deep socket acetabulum banta hai, jo femur ke head ko hold karta hai aur hip joint banata hai. Pelvic girdle ke do halves front me pubic symphysis par judte hain, jisme fibrous cartilage ka pad hota hai jo thodi movement aur flexibility allow karta hai.
5. Connections Between Bones: Types of Joint
- Joints sabhi tarah ke body movements ke liye important hote hain, including locomotion.
- Joint ek point hai jahan do bones ya ek bone aur cartilage milte hain. Joints ek fulcrum ki tarah kaam karte hain, jo muscles ke dwara produce hui force ko movement me transfer karne me help karta hai.
- Ek joint ki movement ki ability kai factors par depend karti hai. Structure ke basis par, joints ko teen main types me divide kiya gaya hai: fibrous, cartilaginous, aur synovial joints.
- Fibrous joints kisi bhi movement allow nahi karte. Ye skull ke flat bones me paaye jaate hain, jo tightly dense fibrous connective tissues se jude hote hain, jise sutures kehte hain, aur ye cranium banate hain.
- Synovial joints me bones ke beech ek fluid-filled synovial cavity hota hai. Ye structure free movement allow karta hai aur locomotion aur kai doosre movements ko support karta hai.
- Cartilaginous joints me bones cartilage se jude hote hain. Ek example hai spinal column me vertebrae ke beech ke joints, jo limited movement allow karte hain.
Examples of synovial joints include:
- Ball and socket joint – e.g., Humerus aur pectoral girdle ke beech
- Hinge joint – e.g., the knee joint
- Pivot joint – e.g., Atlas aur axis bones ke beech
- Gliding joint – e.g., Wrist ke carpal bones ke beech
- Saddle joint – e.g., Thumb ke carpal aur metacarpal ke beech
6. Diseases Affecting Muscles and Bones
Muscular aur skeletal systems, chahe robust ho, kai disorders ke liye prone hote hain, jinme se kuch mobility aur overall health ko seriously affect kar sakte hain.
Myasthenia gravis ek serious autoimmune disorder hai jahan body ka immune system galti se apne neuromuscular junctions par attack karta hai. Isse muscle fatigue, weakness, aur hatta ki skeletal muscles ka paralysis ho sakta hai, jo everyday tasks ko mushkil bana deta hai.
Muscular dystrophy ek genetic disorders ka group hai jahan skeletal muscles gradually weaken aur degenerate hote hain. Ye typically inherited hota hai aur physical strength aur posture ko severely affect kar sakta hai.
Tetany ek aur condition hai jisme sudden aur rapid muscle spasms ya uncontrolled contractions hote hain. Ye aksar low calcium (Ca++) levels ki wajah se hota hai, jo normal muscle function ko disrupt karta hai.
Arthritis ek common disorder hai jisme joints me inflammation hoti hai, jo pain, stiffness, aur reduced movement ka kaaran banti hai. Ye kisi bhi age me ho sakta hai aur alag forms me, jaise osteoarthritis ya rheumatoid arthritis.
Osteoporosis ek age-related bone disease hai, mostly older adults, particularly post-menopausal women me paayi jaati hai. Iska characteristic hai reduced bone density aur mass, jo fractures ka risk badhaata hai. Iska major cause body me estrogen levels ka kam ho jaana hai.
Lastly, gout ek painful joint disorder hai jo uric acid crystals ke accumulation ki wajah se hota hai. Isse joint inflammation, swelling, aur intense pain hota hai, usually big toe se shuru hota hai.
Ye disorders ye highlight karte hain ki healthy bones aur muscles maintain karna kitna important hai, proper nutrition, physical activity, aur medical care ke through.
7. Chapter Recap
- Movement sabhi living organisms ki ek basic characteristic hai. Animals me various types of movement observe kiye ja sakte hain, jaise protoplasmic streaming, ciliary motion, aur movement of limbs, fins, or wings. Jab koi voluntary movement position ya place me change laata hai, to ise locomotion kehte hain. Animals generally move karte hain food, shelter, mating partners, favorable environments dhundhne ke liye, ya khud ko danger se protect karne ke liye. Humans me, movement teen main forms me hoti hai: amoeboid, ciliary, aur muscular. Inme se, muscular movement locomotion ke liye central hai aur iske liye muscle fibers ka coordinated action zaroori hota hai. Human body me teen types ke muscles hote hain: skeletal muscles, jo ki striated, voluntary, aur bones se attached hote hain; visceral muscles, jo ki smooth, involuntary, aur internal organs me paye jaate hain; aur cardiac muscles, jo ki striated, branched, involuntary, aur sirf heart me paye jaate hain. Muscles kuch properties exhibit karte hain jaise excitability, contractility, extensibility, aur elasticity.
- Har muscle fiber kai myofibrils se bana hota hai, jo ki apne turn me repeating units se bane hote hain jise sarcomeres kehte hain. Ye functional units of muscle contraction hote hain. Ek sarcomere me thick myosin filaments hote hain jo central A band banate hain, aur thin actin filaments hote hain jo dono taraf I bands banate hain, jo Z lines se connected hote hain. Resting state me, actin ke active sites ko ek protein troponin block karta hai. Jab koi motor neuron muscle ko signal bhejta hai, to ye ek action potential create karta hai jo calcium ions (Ca⁺⁺) ko sarcoplasmic reticulum se release karne trigger karta hai. Ye calcium ions actin ke active sites ko expose kar dete hain, jisse myosin heads bind kar sakte hain aur cross bridges form karte hain. ATP se energy use karke, myosin heads actin filaments ko pull karte hain, jisse ye myosin ke upar slide karte hain aur muscle contraction hoti hai. Ye process reverse hoti hai jab calcium reabsorbed ho jata hai, active sites dobara block ho jaate hain, cross bridges break hote hain, aur muscle relaxes.
- Repeated stimulation of muscles bina adequate rest ke fatigue cause karta hai due to lactic acid buildup. Muscles ko myoglobin ke presence ke basis par bhi classify kiya jaata hai: Red muscle fibers me zyada myoglobin aur mitochondria hote hain, jo sustained aerobic activity ko support karte hain, jabki White muscle fibers me kam myoglobin hota hai aur ye quick, short-term movements ke liye zyada anaerobic respiration par rely karte hain. Skeletal system, jo bones aur cartilages se bana hai, body ko support aur shape provide karta hai aur movement enable karta hai. Ye do parts me divided hai: axial skeleton, jo skull, vertebral column, ribs, aur sternum include karta hai; aur appendicular skeleton, jo limb bones aur girdles include karta hai. Joints bones ya bones ko cartilage se connect karte hain aur ye teen main types ke hote hain: fibrous joints (immovable), cartilaginous joints (partially movable), aur synovial joints (freely movable). Synovial joints body movement ke liye essential hain aur isme types jaise ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, aur saddle joints included hain.
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