Morphology of Flowering Plants | Hinglish NEET Notes | Class 11 Biology
1. 🌱 Morphology of Flowering Plants – Introduction
The variety in the structure of higher plants sach me kaafi fascinating hai. Flowering plants, yaani angiosperms, apni external appearance ya morphology me bahut diverse hote hain, lekin inme kuch common features hamesha hote hain: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, aur fruits. Pehle chapters me humne padha ki plants ko morphology aur dusre characteristics ke basis par kaise classify kiya jata hai.
Plants ko properly classify karne aur kisi bhi higher plant—ya kisi bhi living organism—ko samajhne ke liye hume standard technical terms aur definitions pata honi chahiye. Ye samajhna bhi important hai ki plant parts me variations kyun hote hain, jo aksar environment ke adaptations ke roop me hote hain, jaise different habitats, protection, climbing, ya storage ke liye adaptations.
For example, agar aap koi common weed nikalte hain, to aap notice karenge ki usme roots, stems, aur leaves hote hain, aur kabhi-kabhi flowers aur fruits bhi hote hain. Plant ka wo part jo underground grow karta hai use root system kehte hain, aur jo part ground ke upar grow karta hai use shoot system kehte hain. Ye systems plant ko survive, grow, aur reproduce efficiently karne me help karte hain apne environment me.
🔷 What is Morphology ?
Morphology biology ki wo branch hai jo external form, structure, aur appearance of plants ke study se deal karti hai. Term “morphology” do Greek words se aayi hai: “morpho” ka matlab form, aur “logy” ka matlab study. Simple shabdon me, iska matlab hai living organisms ke outer features ka study, especially plants ke case me.
Isme wo parts include hote hain jaise roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, aur seeds – ye kaise dikhte hain, kaise arranged hote hain, aur plant se plant kaise vary karte hain. Morphology hume ye samajhne me help karti hai ki har part ka function aur plant ke survival me kya contribution hai apne environment me.
🔷 Why is Morphology Important ?
Morphology sirf plant ke parts ko jaanne tak limited nahi hai. Ye biology, taxonomy, agriculture, aur medicine ke kai areas me bahut useful hai. Iska sabse important use hai plants ki identification me. For example, leaf type, root system, aur flower symmetry observe karke, hum aksar guess kar sakte hain ki koi plant kaunsa family ya species se belong karta hai. Ye field biologists aur botanists ke liye especially helpful hai.
Iske alawa, morphology plant classification ka base hai. Taxonomists plants ko families, genera, aur species me divide karte hain morphological characters ke use se. For example, Fabaceae family ke members ka unique flower structure (papilionaceous corolla) hota hai, jo hume unhe easily identify karne me help karta hai. Is tarah, morphology poore botanical classification aur naming (nomenclature) structure ko support karta hai.
2. Root – Structure and Functions
In most dicotyledonous plants, the radicle, jo ki seed se grow hone wali pehli root hoti hai, directly soil me elongate karti hai aur primary root banati hai. Ye primary root lateral roots ko janam deti hai alag-alag orders ke, jo ki secondary, tertiary roots, aur aise hi aage ke roots kehlate hain. Saath me, primary root aur uske saare branches milke jo banta hai usko tap root system kehte hain, jo clearly mustard jaise plants me dekha ja sakta hai. Monocotyledonous plants me, primary root zyada der tak nahi tikta aur jaldi hi replace ho jata hai bohot saari roots ke dwara jo stem ke base se nikalti hain, aur ek fibrous root system banati hain, jaise wheat me dekha ja sakta hai. Kuch plants, jaise grasses, Monstera, aur banyan trees, roots develop karte hain plant ke un parts se jo radicle nahi hote; inko adventitious roots kehte hain. Root system ke kai important functions hain: ye soil se water aur minerals absorb karta hai, plant ko firm anchorage deta hai, reserve food materials store karta hai, aur plant growth regulators produce karta hai jo plant ke overall growth aur development me help karte hain.
Area Where Root Is Present
Root ka tip ek thimble-shaped structure se covered hota hai jo root cap kehlata hai, jo delicate growing tip ko protect karta hai jab ye soil me push karta hai. Root cap ke thoda upar hi meristematic activity ka region hota hai, jahan cells bahut chhoti, thin-walled, aur dense protoplasm se filled hoti hain. Ye cells continuously divide karte hain, naye cells produce karte hain. Is meristematic region ke thoda upar wale cells rapidly elongate aur enlarge karna start kar dete hain, jo root ko length me grow karne me help karta hai; is part ko region of elongation kehte hain. Jaise-jaise is zone ke cells grow karte hain, ye gradually mature hote hain aur specific types of cells me differentiate karte hain, jo region of maturation banata hai. Is mature region se, kuch epidermal cells develop hoke tiny, thread-like structures banate hain jo root hairs kehlate hain. Ye root hairs soil se water aur minerals absorb karne me important role play karte hain, jo plant ko efficiently survive aur grow karne me help karta hai.
Root Modifications – Types and Functions
Kuch plants me, roots apni shape aur structure change karte hain aur modify ho jaate hain taaki wo sirf water aur minerals ke absorption aur conduction ke alawa aur functions perform kar saken. Ye modified roots support, food storage, aur respiration me help karte hain. For example, tap roots of carrot aur turnip, aur adventitious roots of sweet potato swell ho jaate hain taaki food store kar saken. Kuch roots plant ko support karne me bhi help karte hain. Jaise, prop roots of banyan tree uske heavy branches ko hold karte hain. Similarly, plants jaise maize aur sugarcane me, stilt roots lower nodes of stem se emerge karte hain taaki extra support mile. Swampy areas me, kuch plants jaise Rhizophora roots produce karte hain jo soil se vertically upar grow karte hain; inko pneumatophores kehte hain, aur ye plant ko waterlogged conditions me respiration ke liye oxygen provide karte hain.
3. All About The Stem Of Plant
Ek stem plant ke axis ka ascending part hota hai jo branches, leaves, flowers, aur fruits ko bear karta hai. Ye germinating seed ke embryo ke plumule se develop hota hai. Stem me nodes aur internodes hote hain. Nodes wo regions hote hain jahan leaves grow karte hain, aur internodes do nodes ke beech ke portions hote hain. Stem buds bhi bear karta hai, jo terminal ya axillary ho sakte hain. Jab young hote hain, stems usually green hote hain, lekin jaise-jaise ye mature hote hain, often woody aur dark brown ho jaate hain. Stem ke main functions me branches ko support aur spread karna shamil hai jo leaves, flowers, aur fruits ko hold karte hain, saath hi water, minerals, aur photosynthates ko plant me conduct karna bhi. Kuch stems modify bhi hote hain additional functions perform karne ke liye jaise food storage, support, protection, aur vegetative propagation.
How Stem Is Modified To Perform Specific Functions
Har stem typical upright structure jaisi nahi lagti jo hum usually expect karte hain. Bahut saare stems special functions perform karne ke liye modify hote hain. Kuch underground stems jaise potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand, aur Colocasia swell ho jaate hain taaki food store kar saken aur ye perennation ke organs ke roop me kaam karte hain, jo plants ko unfavorable conditions me survive karne me help karte hain. Kuch stems axillary buds se tendrils develop karte hain; ye slender, spirally coiled hote hain aur plants ko climb karne me help karte hain, jaise cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, aur grapevine me dekha ja sakta hai. Axillary buds thorns me bhi badal sakte hain, jo woody, pointed hote hain aur grazing animals se plants ko protect karte hain, examples hain Citrus aur Bougainvillea. Arid regions ke plants me, stems flattened forms me modify ho sakte hain jaise Opuntia ya fleshy cylindrical forms me jaise Euphorbia; ye stems chlorophyll contain karte hain aur photosynthesis perform karte hain. Kuch underground stems, jaise grass aur strawberry ke, horizontally spread karte hain aur naye plants produce karte hain jab older parts die ho jaate hain. Plants jaise mint aur jasmine me, ek slender lateral branch main stem ke base se grow karta hai, ground ke upar rise karta hai, fir soil ko touch karne ke liye arch kar jaata hai. Aquatic plants jaise Pistia aur Eichhornia me, ek lateral branch short internodes ke saath develop karta hai jo leaves ka rosette aur roots ka tuft banata hai. Plants jaise banana, pineapple, aur Chrysanthemum me, lateral branches basal underground stem se arise karte hain, horizontally grow karte hain, aur fir obliquely upward aate hain, naye leafy shoots form karte hain.
3. Leaf – Structure and Functions
Ek leaf ek lateral, usually flattened structure hoti hai jo stem ke node par grow karti hai aur aksar uske axil me ek bud hota hai, jo baad me branch me grow kar sakta hai. Leaves shoot apical meristem se develop hoti hain aur acropetal order me arranged hoti hain. Ye photosynthesis ke liye sabse important vegetative organs hain. Ek typical leaf ke teen main parts hote hain: leaf base, petiole, aur lamina ya leaf blade. Leaf base leaf ko stem se attach karta hai aur aksar do chhoti lateral stipules hoti hain. Monocotyledons me, leaf base aksar expand hokar ek sheath banata hai jo stem ko partially ya completely cover karta hai. Kuch leguminous plants me, leaf base swell hokar pulvinus ban jaata hai. Petiole lamina ko light me hold karta hai aur jab long aur flexible hota hai, to leaf ko wind me flutter karne deta hai, jo cooling me help karta hai aur leaf surface tak fresh air pahunchata hai. Lamina leaf ka green, expanded part hota hai jisme veins aur veinlets hote hain. Usually, ek prominent central vein hoti hai jo midrib kehlati hai. Veins leaf ko rigidity dete hain aur water, minerals, aur food transport karne ke channels ke roop me kaam karte hain. Lamina ka shape, margin, apex, surface, aur incisions ki extent alag-alag leaves me vary karti hai, jo unhe diverse forms aur adaptations deti hai.
Leaf Venation – Patterns and Types
Lamina me veins aur veinlets ka arrangement venation kehlata hai. Jab veinlets ek network banate hain, to ise reticulate venation kehte hain. Dusri taraf, jab veins lamina ke along ek dusre ke parallel run karte hain, to ise parallel venation kehte hain. Generally, dicotyledonous plants me reticulate venation hoti hai, jabki zyada tar monocotyledons me parallel venation dekhi jaati hai. Ye venation ka pattern leaf me strength, support, aur water, minerals, aur food ke efficient transport me help karta hai.
Phyllotaxy – Leaf Arrangement on Stem
Phyllotaxy ek stem ya branch par leaves ke arrangement ka pattern hai. Iske teen main types hote hain: alternate, opposite, aur whorled. Alternate phyllotaxy me, har node par ek single leaf alternate manner me grow karti hai, jaise plants me China rose, mustard, aur sunflower me dekha ja sakta hai. Opposite phyllotaxy me, har node par do leaves grow karti hain aur ek dusre ke opposite hoti hain, jaise Calotropis aur guava me. Jab ek node par do se zyada leaves arise karte hain aur whorl banate hain, to ise whorled phyllotaxy kehte hain, jaise Alstonia me. Ye arrangement plant ko photosynthesis ke liye light capture maximize karne aur efficient growth me help karta hai.
Leaf Types – Classification and Example
Ek leaf tab simple kehlata hai jab uska lamina pura ho ya usme jo incisions hain wo midrib tak na pahuche. Agar incisions midrib tak jaati hain aur lamina multiple leaflets me break ho jaati hai, to ise compound leaf kehte hain. Dono simple aur compound leaves me, petiole ke axil me ek bud present hota hai, lekin compound leaf me individual leaflets ke axil me bud nahi hota. Compound leaves do types ke hote hain: pinnately compound aur palmately compound. Ek pinnately compound leaf me, kai leaflets ek common axis par arranged hote hain jo leaf ka rachis kehlata hai aur ye leaf ke midrib ko represent karta hai, jaise neem me dekha ja sakta hai. Palmately compound leaves me, leaflets ek common point par attach hote hain, usually petiole ke tip par, jaise silk cotton me. Ye arrangements leaves ko sunlight efficiently capture karne aur photosynthesis ke liye surface area increase karne me help karte hain.
Leaf Modifications – Types and Functions
Leaves aksar photosynthesis ke alawa functions perform karne ke liye modify hoti hain. Kuch leaves tendrils ban jaati hain, jo plants ko climb karne me help karti hain, jaise peas me. Dusre plants me, leaves protection ke liye spines me modify ho jaati hain, jaise cacti me. Kuch fleshy leaves, jaise onion aur garlic me, food store karne ke liye modify hoti hain. Kuch plants me, jaise Australian acacia, leaves chhoti aur short-lived hoti hain, jabki petioles expand hokar green ho jaate hain aur food synthesis ka function le lete hain. Kuch insectivorous plants, jaise pitcher plant aur Venus flytrap, ke paas specialized leaves hoti hain jo insects ko trap aur digest karte hain, jo dikhata hai ki leaves kitni amazing adaptability show kar sakti hain different plants me.
4. Inflorescence – Types and Arrangement of Flowers
Ek flower ek modified shoot hai jisme shoot apical meristem transform hokar floral meristem ban jaata hai. Flowers me, internodes elongate nahi karte, jisse axis condensed ho jaata hai, aur apex leaves ke bajaye alag-alag nodes par floral appendages produce karta hai. Jab shoot tip ek flower ban jaata hai, to wo usually solitary hota hai. Flowers ka floral axis par jo arrangement hota hai, use inflorescence kehte hain. Inflorescence ke do main types hote hain: racemose aur cymose, depending on ki apex grow karta hai ya flower ke roop me end ho jaata hai. Racemose inflorescence me, main axis grow karta rehta hai aur flowers laterally acropetal succession me arranged hote hain, matlab youngest flowers top par hote hain. Cymose inflorescence me, main axis flower me end ho jaata hai, to growth limited ho jaata hai, aur flowers basipetal order me develop karte hain, jisme older flowers top par aur younger flowers neeche hote hain. Ye arrangement pollination aur reproduction ke liye proper flower display ensure karta hai.
5. Flower – Structure and Parts
Ek flower angiosperms ka reproductive unit hai aur sexual reproduction ke liye responsible hota hai. Ek typical flower ke char whorls hote hain jo stalk ya pedicel ke swollen tip par arranged hote hain, jise thalamus ya receptacle kehte hain. Ye whorls hain calyx, corolla, androecium, aur gynoecium. Calyx aur corolla accessory organs hain, jabki androecium aur gynoecium reproductive organs hote hain. Kuch flowers me jaise lily, calyx aur corolla distinct nahi hote aur saath me perianth kehlate hain. Ek flower jisme dono androecium aur gynoecium hote hain, wo bisexual hota hai, jabki jo sirf stamens ya sirf carpels rakhta hai, wo unisexual hota hai. Flowers symmetry bhi dikhate hain. Agar flower ko kisi bhi radial plane ke along do equal halves me divide kiya ja sakta hai, to wo actinomorphic (radial symmetry) hai, jaise mustard, datura, chilli. Agar sirf ek vertical plane ke along do similar halves me divide kiya ja sakta hai, to wo zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) hai, jaise pea, gulmohur, bean, Cassia. Agar kisi plane ke along do similar halves nahi ban sakte, to wo asymmetric hai, jaise canna. Flowers trimerous, tetramerous, ya pentamerous bhi ho sakte hain, jab floral parts 3, 4, ya 5 ke multiples me hote hain. Jo flowers bracts (small reduced leaves at the base) ke saath hote hain, wo bracteate, aur jo bracts ke bina hote hain, wo ebracteate hote hain.
Calyx, corolla, aur androecium ke ovary ke relative position ke basis par, flowers ko hypogynous, perigynous, aur epigynous me classify kiya jaata hai. Hypogynous flowers me, gynoecium top par hota hai aur other parts niche hote hain, jisse ovary superior hoti hai, jaise mustard, china rose, brinjal. Perigynous flowers me, gynoecium central hota hai aur other parts thalamus ke rim par hote hain, jisse ovary half-inferior hoti hai, jaise plum, rose, peach. Epigynous flowers me, thalamus margin upar grow karta hai, ovary ko enclose karke uske saath fuse ho jaata hai, aur other parts ovary ke upar arise karte hain, jisse ovary inferior hoti hai, jaise guava, cucumber, aur sunflower ray florets.
Flower Parts – Structure and Functions
Ek typical flower char main floral whorls se bana hota hai, jo hain calyx, corolla, androecium, aur gynoecium. Calyx outermost whorl hai, aur iske parts ko sepals kehte hain. Sepals usually green aur leaf-like hote hain, aur unka main kaam flower ko bud stage me protect karna hota hai. Sepals ya to ek dusre se free hote hain (polysepalous) ya fused hote hain (gamosepalous). Agla whorl, corolla, petals se bana hota hai. Petals aksar brightly colored hote hain insects ko pollination ke liye attract karne ke liye. Sepals ki tarah, petals bhi free (polypetalous) ya fused (gamopetalous) ho sakte hain, aur unka shape wide range me vary karta hai: tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, ya wheel-shaped. Bud me sepals ya petals ke arrangement ko aestivation kehte hain. Jaise, valvate aestivation me petals ya sepals ke margins sirf touch karte hain bina overlap ke, jaise Calotropis me. Twisted aestivation me ek margin next par overlap karta hai, jaise China rose, lady’s finger, aur cotton me. Imbricate aestivation me overlapping margins hote hain lekin fixed pattern ke bina, jaise Cassia aur Gulmohur me. Ek special type, vexillary ya papilionaceous aestivation, pea aur bean flowers me hota hai, jahan largest petal (standard) do side petals (wings) ko overlap karta hai, jo apne turn me do smallest front petals (keel) ko overlap karte hain.
Androecium flower ka male reproductive part hai aur stamens se bana hota hai. Har stamen me filament (stalk) aur anther hota hai, jo usually do lobes ka hota hai, aur har lobe me do pollen sacs hote hain jahan pollen grains produce hote hain. Kuch stamens sterile hote hain aur unhe staminodes kehte hain. Stamens ya to free hote hain (polyandrous) ya fused hote hain alag-alag tariko se. Jaise, jab stamens petals se attach hote hain, to wo epipetalous hote hain, jaise brinjal me, ya perianth se attach hote hain, to wo epiphyllous, jaise lily me. Fused stamens ek bundle (monadelphous) bana sakte hain jaise China rose, do bundles (diadelphous) jaise pea, ya do se zyada bundles (polyadelphous) jaise citrus me. Single flower me filament length me variation bhi ho sakta hai, jaise Salvia aur mustard me dekha ja sakta hai.
Gynoecium female reproductive part hai aur ek ya zyada carpels se bana hota hai. Har carpel ke teen main parts hote hain: stigma, style, aur ovary. Ovary enlarged base hai, style tube hai jo ovary ko stigma se connect karta hai, aur stigma tip hai jo pollen grains receive karta hai. Har ovary me ovules hote hain, jo placenta (cushion-like structure) se attach hote hain. Carpels free hote hain (apocarpous) jaise lotus aur rose, ya fused hote hain (syncarpous) jaise mustard aur tomato. Fertilization ke baad, ovules seeds me develop hote hain aur ovary fruit ban jaata hai. Ovules ka ovary me arrangement placentation kehlata hai, jo marginal, axile, parietal, basal, ya free central ho sakta hai. Marginal placentation me ovules ventral suture ke ridge ke along grow karte hain aur do rows banate hain, jaise pea me. Axile placentation multilocular ovary me hoti hai jisme ovules central axis par hote hain, jaise China rose, tomato, aur lemon me. Parietal placentation me ovules ovary ke inner wall par grow karte hain aur false septum banate hain, jaise mustard me. Free central placentation me ovules central axis par hote hain bina septa ke, jaise Dianthus aur Primrose me. Basal placentation me ek single ovule ovary ke base par attach hota hai, jaise sunflower aur marigold me.
6. Fruit – Types and Development
Ek fruit flowering plants ka bahut important feature hai aur basically fertilization ke baad bana hua mature ya ripened ovary hota hai. Kabhi-kabhi, fruit fertilization ke bina bhi develop ho sakta hai, aur aise fruits ko parthenocarpic fruits kehte hain. Ek typical fruit ka ek wall hota hai jise pericarp kehte hain aur iske andar seeds hote hain. Pericarp ya to dry ho sakta hai ya fleshy. Jab pericarp thick aur fleshy hota hai, to ye teen layers me divided hota hai: outer layer epicarp, middle layer mesocarp, aur inner layer endocarp. Aise fruits ka common example ek drupe hai, jaise mango aur coconut. Ye drupes ek single carpel (monocarpellary) aur superior ovary se develop hote hain, aur usually ek seed hota hai. Mango me, epicarp thin outer skin hai, mesocarp fleshy aur edible part hai, aur endocarp hard aur stony hai, jo seed ko protect karta hai. Coconut me bhi jo drupe hai, mesocarp fleshy ke bajaye fibrous hai, jisse texture different hota hai lekin basic structure same hoti hai.
7. Seed – Structure and Types
Fertilization ke baad, flower ke ovules seeds me develop hote hain, jo plants ki next generation hote hain. Ek seed ke do main parts hote hain: seed coat aur embryo. Seed coat protective outer layer hai jo embryo ko damage aur drying se shield karta hai. Embryo seed ke andar young plant hota hai aur teen main parts se bana hota hai: radicle, jo root me develop hota hai; embryonal axis, jo stem aur future branches banata hai; aur cotyledons, jo seed leaves hote hain aur growing plant ke liye food store karte hain. Plant ke type ke hisaab se, seed me ek cotyledon ho sakta hai (monocotyledonous, jaise wheat aur maize) ya do cotyledons (dicotyledonous, jaise gram aur pea). Ye cotyledons seedling ko initial nourishment dete hain jab tak wo khud photosynthesis start nahi kar sakta.
Dicot Seed – Structure and Parts
Ek seed ki outermost layer ko seed coat kehte hain, jo embryo ke liye protective covering ka kaam karta hai. Seed coat khud do layers se bana hota hai: outer layer testa kehlati hai, aur inner layer tegmen kehlati hai. Seed coat par ek chhota scar hota hai jise hilum kehte hain, jo dikhata hai ki seed apne development ke dauran fruit se kahan attach tha. Hilum ke just upar ek tiny opening hoti hai jise micropyle kehte hain, jo germination ke dauran water ko enter karne deti hai. Seed coat ke andar embryo hota hai, jo embryonal axis aur cotyledons se bana hota hai. Cotyledons aksar fleshy hote hain aur reserve food se packed hote hain, jo germination ke baad seedling ko support karta hai. Embryonal axis ke do ends par hote hain: radicle, jo root me develop hota hai, aur plumule, jo shoot me develop hota hai. Kuch seeds, jaise castor, me ek special tissue hota hai jise endosperm kehte hain, jo double fertilization ke result me bana food store karta hai, aur ye endospermic seeds kehlate hain. Iske contrast me, plants jaise bean, gram, aur pea ke seeds mature form me endosperm nahi rakhte, aur ye non-endospermic seeds kehlate hain.
Monocot Seed – Structure and Parts
Zyada tar monocotyledonous seeds me endosperm hota hai, jo growing embryo ke liye food store karta hai, lekin kuch seeds, jaise orchids, me endosperm nahi hota aur ye non-endospermic hote hain. Cereal seeds jaise maize me, seed coat bahut thin, membranous hota hai aur aksar fruit wall ke saath fused hota hai. Endosperm bada hota hai aur main food reserve ka kaam karta hai. Aise seeds me embryo relatively small hota hai aur endosperm ke ek end me groove me located hota hai. Embryo me ek bada, shield-shaped cotyledon hota hai jise scutellum kehte hain aur ek short embryonal axis hota hai, jisme plumule (future shoot) aur radicle (future root) shamil hote hain. Plumule aur radicle ko protective sheaths cover karte hain, jise coleoptile aur coleorhiza kehte hain, jo young seedling ko germination ke dauran seed se emerge karte waqt protect karte hain.
8. Typical Flowering Plant – Semi-Technical Description
Jab scientists ek flowering plant ko describe karte hain, to wo alag-alag morphological features ka use karte hain taaki description brief, clear, aur scientific ho. Description usually ek sequence follow karti hai, starting with habit of the plant, fir vegetative characters jaise roots, stem, aur leaves, aur phir floral characters, including inflorescence aur flower parts. In parts ko describe karne ke baad, ek floral diagram aur floral formula present ki jaati hai taaki flower ka complete picture mil sake. Floral formula me symbols use hote hain different parts ko represent karne ke liye: Br for bract, K for calyx, C for corolla, P for perianth, A for androecium, aur G for gynoecium. Formula ye bhi dikhata hai ki ovary superior hai ya inferior, plant ka sexual nature (male, female, ya bisexual), aur flower ki symmetry (⊕ for radially symmetrical ya actinomorphic, aur alag symbol for bilaterally symmetrical ya zygomorphic). Similar parts ke fusion ko brackets dikhate hain, aur different whorls ke adhesion ko symbols ke upar line se dikhaya jaata hai.
Floral diagram formula ko complement karta hai by showing number of parts, unka arrangement, aur unka relationship ek dusre ke saath. Flower ka mother axis diagram ke top par ek dot se represent kiya jaata hai. Whorls order me draw kiye jaate hain: outermost calyx, fir corolla, androecium, aur center me gynoecium. Dono, floral formula aur diagram, cohesion (whorl ke andar fusion) aur adhesion (whorls ke beech fusion) ke baare me information dete hain, jo plants ko identify aur compare karne me bahut useful hote hain. Example ke liye, Brassicaceae family me diagram aur formula dono clearly ye features represent karte hain.
10. Important Plant Families – Description and Characteristics
Solanaceae Family – Key Features and Examples
Solanaceae family, jo commonly “potato family” ke naam se jaane jaati hai, ek badi family hai jo tropics, subtropics, aur temperate regions me widely payi jaati hai. Is family ke plants mostly herbs, kuch shrubs, aur kabhi-kabhi small trees hote hain. Inke stems usually herbaceous hote hain, kabhi woody bhi, aur ye erect, cylindrical, branched, solid ya hollow, hairy ya smooth (glabrous) ho sakte hain. Kuch plants, jaise potato (Solanum tuberosum), ke underground stems hote hain. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, kabhi-kabhi pinnately compound, without stipules, aur reticulate venation wali hoti hain. Inflorescence solitary, axillary, ya cymose ho sakti hai, jaise Solanum me dekha jaata hai.
Flowers bisexual aur actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) hote hain. Calyx me 5 sepals hote hain, jo fused (gamosepalous), persistent, aur valvate aestivation wale hote hain. Corolla me 5 petals hote hain, jo fused hote hain aur valvate aestivation dikhate hain. Androecium 5 stamens se bana hai, jo epipetalous (petals se attached) hote hain. Gynoecium bicarpellary, obligately placed, fused (syncarpous), superior ovary, bilocular, aur axile placentation ke saath bahut saare ovules rakhta hai. Fruits usually berries ya capsules hote hain, aur seeds numerous aur endospermic hote hain. Iska floral formula hai: ⊕ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2).
Solanaceae family ki economic importance bahut high hai. Kai plants food provide karte hain, jaise tomato, brinjal, aur potato; spices jaise chilli; medicinal plants jaise belladonna aur ashwagandha; fumigatory products jaise tobacco; aur ornamentals jaise petunia. Is family ka importance agriculture, medicine, aur horticulture me bahut zyada hai.
Fabaceae Family – Key Features and Examples
Fabaceae family, jo pehle Papilionoideae ke naam se jaane jaati thi, ek widely distributed family hai jo poore world me payi jaati hai. Is family ke plants trees, shrubs, ya herbs ho sakte hain, aur inke roots me aksar root nodules hote hain jo nitrogen fixation me help karte hain. Stem erect ya climbing ho sakta hai, aur leaves usually alternate, kabhi pinnately compound ya simple, pulvinate base, stipules, aur reticulate venation ke saath hoti hain. Inflorescence generally racemose hoti hai, aur flowers bisexual aur zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) hote hain.
Calyx me 5 sepals hote hain, jo fused (gamosepalous) hote hain aur valvate ya imbricate aestivation dikhate hain. Corolla me 5 petals hote hain, jo free (polypetalous) aur papilionaceous hote hain, consisting of posterior standard, 2 lateral wings, aur 2 anterior petals jo keel banate hain aur stamens aur pistil ko enclose karte hain, with vexillary aestivation. Androecium me 10 stamens hote hain, jo 2 bundles (diadelphous) me arranged hote hain, aur dithecous anthers rakhte hain. Gynoecium superior, monocarpellary, unilocular, with many ovules aur ek single style hota hai. Fruit ek legume hota hai, aur seeds 1 se leke many ho sakte hain aur non-endospermic hote hain. Iska floral formula hai: % K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1.
Is family ki economic importance bahut high hai. Kai members pulses provide karte hain jaise gram, arhar, sem, moong, aur soybean; edible oils jaise soybean aur groundnut; natural dyes jaise Indigofera; fibers jaise sunhemp; fodder plants jaise Sesbania aur Trifolium; ornamental plants jaise lupin aur sweet pea; aur medicinal plants jaise muliathi. Ye family agriculture, industry, aur medicine me bahut important role play karti hai.
Liliaceae Family – Key Features and Examples
Liliaceae family, jo commonly “Lily family” ke naam se jaane jaati hai, monocotyledonous plants ka typical example hai aur worldwide payi jaati hai. Is family ke plants mostly perennial herbs hote hain jinke underground bulbs, corms, ya rhizomes hote hain, jo unhe adverse conditions me survive karne me help karte hain. Leaves usually basal, alternate, aur linear hoti hain, without stipules, aur inme parallel venation hoti hai, jo monocots ki khasiyat hai. Inflorescence solitary ya cymose ho sakti hai, aksar umbellate clusters banati hai.
Flowers bisexual aur actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) hote hain. Perianth me 6 tepals hote hain jo 2 whorls me arranged hote hain (3+3), aur aksar fused hoke tube banate hain, with valvate aestivation. Androecium me 6 stamens hote hain, arranged 3+3 aur tepals se attached (epitepalous). Gynoecium tricarpellary aur syncarpous, superior ovary, trilocular, bahut saare ovules ke saath, aur axile placentation dikhata hai. Fruit usually capsule, kabhi-kabhi berry, aur seeds endospermic hote hain. Floral formula: Br ⊕ P(3+3) A3+3 G(3).
Liliaceae family ki economic importance significant hai. Kai members ornamental plants ke roop me valued hain, jaise tulip aur Gloriosa; kuch medicinal products provide karte hain, jaise Aloe; kuch vegetables ke roop me use hote hain, jaise Asparagus; aur kuch important compounds produce karte hain, jaise colchicine from Colchicum autumnale, jo medicine aur research me use hota hai.
Conclusion
Fabaceae, Solanaceae, aur Liliaceae families plant kingdom aur human life me bahut important role play karti hain. Ye families floral symmetry, ovary structure, stamen arrangement, aur fruit types me alag hoti hain, jo inki identification aur classification ke liye essential hai. Semi-technical descriptions, saath me floral formulas aur diagrams, students aur botanists ko plant diversity ko systematically samajhne me help karte hain. Food aur medicine se leke ornamentals aur industrial uses tak, in families ke plants agriculture aur economy me significant contribution dete hain. In families ke structure, symbols, aur examples ko master karna NEET aur other biology exams me excel karne ke liye crucial hai.
10. Chapter Overview – Key Points and Highlights
Flowering plants me unki shape, size, structure, mode of nutrition, lifespan, habit, aur habitat me amazing variation dekhi ja sakti hai. Inke paas well-developed root aur shoot systems hote hain. Root system ya to taproot ya fibrous root system hota hai. Generally, dicotyledonous plants me taproots hote hain, jabki monocotyledonous plants me fibrous roots hote hain. Kuch plants me roots food storage, mechanical support, ya respiration ke liye modified ho jaate hain. Shoot system me stem, leaves, flowers, aur fruits shamil hote hain. Stems ko nodes aur internodes, multicellular hairs, aur positive phototropism se pehchana ja sakta hai. Stems bhi alag-alag conditions me food storage, vegetative propagation, ya protection ke liye modified ho sakte hain. Leaves, jo stem ke nodes se lateral outgrowths hote hain, usually green hote hain photosynthesis ke liye. Leaves ka shape, size, margin, apex, aur blade incision me wide variation hota hai, aur ye climbing ke liye tendrils ya protection ke liye spines me bhi modified ho sakte hain.
Flowers modified shoots hote hain jo sexual reproduction ke liye specialized hote hain aur alag-alag inflorescences me arranged hote hain. Flowers ka structure, symmetry, ovary ka position, aur petals, sepals, aur ovules ka arrangement me bhi kaafi variation hoti hai. Fertilization ke baad, ovary fruit me aur ovules seeds me develop hote hain, jo monocotyledonous ya dicotyledonous ho sakte hain. Seeds bhi shape, size, aur viability period me alag hote hain. Floral characteristics bahut important hote hain kyunki ye flowering plants ki classification aur identification ka base banate hain. Ek flowering plant ko scientifically describe karne ke liye definite sequence follow kiya jaata hai, jo aksar floral diagrams aur floral formulas ke through summarize kiya jaata hai, jo flower ke structure ka quick aur clear representation provide karte hain.
