NEET MCQs Practice | Chapter 8 Cell: The Unit Of Life| Biology Class 11

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Here You Get So Many MCQs Questions Based On NEET Of Class 11 Biology, Chapter 8, Cell: The Unit Of Life
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  1. Which of the following is the basic unit of life in all living organisms?
    a) Tissue
    b) Organ
    c) Cell
    d) Molecule
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  2. What is the main difference between living and non-living things?
    a) Ability to move
    b) Presence of cells
    c) Ability to reproduce
    d) Presence of energy
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  3. Organisms made up of a single cell are called:
    a) Multicellular
    b) Unicellular
    c) Prokaryotic
    d) Eukaryotic
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  4. Humans are examples of which type of organism?
    a) Unicellular
    b) Acellular
    c) Multicellular
    d) Protozoan
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  5. Which of the following statements is true about unicellular organisms?
    a) They cannot perform all life functions
    b) They depend on other cells to survive
    c) They are capable of independent existence
    d) They have many specialized cells
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  6. Why is the cell called the fundamental structural and functional unit of life?
    a) Because it forms the smallest part of non-living matter
    b) Because it performs all essential life processes independently
    c) Because it cannot reproduce
    d) Because it is visible without a microscope
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  7. Who was the first scientist to observe and describe a living cell?
    a) Robert Brown
    b) Antonie Von Leeuwenhoek
    c) Robert Hooke
    d) Rudolf Virchow
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  8. Who discovered the nucleus in the cell?
    a) Antonie Von Leeuwenhoek
    b) Robert Hooke
    c) Robert Brown
    d) Matthias Schleiden
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  9. What helped scientists to see the structural details of the cell more clearly?
    a) Hand lens
    b) Compound microscope
    c) Electron microscope
    d) Magnifying glass
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  10. According to the passage, anything less than a complete cell structure:
    a) Can survive independently
    b) Cannot live independently
    c) Can perform limited functions
    d) Is a multicellular organism
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  1. Who proposed that all plants are made up of different types of cells forming tissues?
    a) Robert Brown
    b) Rudolf Virchow
    c) Matthias Schleiden
    d) Theodor Schwann
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  2. Theodor Schwann was a:
    a) German botanist
    b) English biologist
    c) German zoologist
    d) Dutch microbiologist
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  3. What did Theodor Schwann observe in animal cells?
    a) Cell wall
    b) Plasma membrane
    c) Chloroplast
    d) Vacuole
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  4. According to Schwann, the cell wall is a unique feature of:
    a) Animal cells
    b) Fungal cells
    c) Plant cells
    d) Bacterial cells
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  5. Who proposed that both animals and plants are made of cells and the products of cells?
    a) Robert Hooke
    b) Schleiden and Schwann
    c) Rudolf Virchow
    d) Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  6. What was the limitation of the first cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann?
    a) It did not include plants
    b) It did not describe cell functions
    c) It did not explain how new cells are formed
    d) It did not define the nucleus
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  7. Who discovered that new cells arise from pre-existing cells?
    a) Robert Hooke
    b) Matthias Schleiden
    c) Rudolf Virchow
    d) Theodor Schwann
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  8. In which year did Rudolf Virchow give the concept “Omnis cellula-e cellula”?
    a) 1838
    b) 1845
    c) 1855
    d) 1865
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  9. The statement “Omnis cellula-e cellula” means:
    a) Every organism is made of tissues
    b) Every cell arises from a pre-existing cell
    c) Cells form by spontaneous generation
    d) Cells do not divide
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  10. According to the modern cell theory, which of the following is true?
    a) All cells arise spontaneously
    b) Only animal cells have plasma membranes
    c) All living organisms are made up of cells and their products
    d) Cells do not come from pre-existing cells
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  1. The outermost boundary of an onion cell is the:
    a) Cell membrane
    b) Cytoplasm
    c) Cell wall
    d) Nucleus
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  2. The outer boundary of human cheek cells is the:
    a) Cell wall
    b) Plasma membrane
    c) Cytoplasm
    d) Nucleus
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  3. The nucleus of a cell contains:
    a) Cytoplasm
    b) Mitochondria
    c) DNA and chromosomes
    d) Ribosomes
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  4. Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are known as:
    a) Eukaryotic cells
    b) Prokaryotic cells
    c) Animal cells
    d) Plant cells
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  5. Cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus are called:
    a) Eukaryotic cells
    b) Prokaryotic cells
    c) Unicellular cells
    d) Bacterial cells
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  6. Which structure is absent in animal cells but present in plant cells?
    a) Nucleus
    b) Cytoplasm
    c) Cell wall
    d) Plasma membrane
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  7. The cytoplasm of a cell is best described as:
    a) A fluid filled with organelles and site of cellular activities
    b) A rigid protective covering
    c) A structure for genetic control
    d) A layer separating plant and animal cells
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  8. The main site for cellular activities is:
    a) Nucleus
    b) Cytoplasm
    c) Cell membrane
    d) Ribosome
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  9. The genetic material DNA is found in the:
    a) Cytoplasm
    b) Cell wall
    c) Nucleus
    d) Plasma membrane
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  10. In both plant and animal cells, the cytoplasm functions to:
    a) Protect the cell from outside damage
    b) Perform photosynthesis
    c) Serve as the site for many chemical reactions
    d) Carry oxygen throughout the cell
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  1. Which of the following is not a membrane-bound organelle?
    a) Mitochondria
    b) Golgi complex
    c) Ribosome
    d) Lysosome
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  2. Membrane-bound organelles are present in:
    a) Prokaryotic cells only
    b) Eukaryotic cells only
    c) Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    d) Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic cells
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  3. Which organelle is responsible for cell division in animal cells?
    a) Golgi complex
    b) Centrosome
    c) Endoplasmic reticulum
    d) Lysosome
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  4. In plant cells, ribosomes are found inside which organelle?
    a) Vacuole
    b) Chloroplast
    c) Nucleus
    d) Golgi body
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  5. Ribosomes are found in which of the following locations?
    a) Cytoplasm only
    b) On rough ER, cytoplasm, and within certain organelles
    c) Only on smooth ER
    d) Only inside nucleus
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  6. Which of the following cells is the smallest in size?
    a) Nerve cell
    b) Bacterium
    c) Mycoplasma
    d) Red blood cell
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  7. The largest isolated single cell known is:
    a) Human egg
    b) Frog egg
    c) Ostrich egg
    d) Whale neuron
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  8. The average size of human red blood cells (RBCs) is approximately:
    a) 0.3 µm
    b) 3 µm
    c) 7 µm
    d) 10 µm
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  9. Bacteria typically range in size between:
    a) 0.3–0.5 µm
    b) 3–5 µm
    c) 7–10 µm
    d) 1–2 µm
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  10. The shape of cells varies because of differences in:
    a) Food intake
    b) Location in the body
    c) Function performed by the cell
    d) Color of cytoplasm
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  1. Which of the following organisms are prokaryotic?
    a) Bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, PPLO
    b) Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Hydra
    c) Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Plants
    d) Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  2. Prokaryotic cells are generally:
    a) Larger than eukaryotic cells
    b) Smaller than eukaryotic cells
    c) Equal in size to eukaryotic cells
    d) Absent in nature
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  3. Which of the following shapes describes rod-shaped bacteria?
    a) Coccus
    b) Bacillus
    c) Spirillum
    d) Vibrio
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  4. Comma-shaped bacteria are known as:
    a) Spirillum
    b) Bacillus
    c) Vibrio
    d) Coccus
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  5. The spiral-shaped bacteria are called:
    a) Spirillum
    b) Bacillus
    c) Vibrio
    d) Coccus
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  6. Which of the following prokaryotes lacks a cell wall?
    a) Bacteria
    b) Blue-green algae
    c) Mycoplasma
    d) Spirillum
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  7. The genetic material in prokaryotic cells is:
    a) Enclosed by a nuclear membrane
    b) Found in multiple chromosomes
    c) Naked DNA without a nuclear membrane
    d) Double-layered inside a nucleus
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  8. The main genomic DNA in a bacterial cell is usually:
    a) Linear and double-stranded
    b) Single, circular, and double-stranded
    c) Multiple, circular chromosomes
    d) RNA-based
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  9. The small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria are called:
    a) Plasmids
    b) Nucleoids
    c) Ribosomes
    d) Centrosomes
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  10. Plasmids provide bacteria with which special ability?
    a) Photosynthesis
    b) Resistance to antibiotics
    c) Oxygen production
    d) Cell wall synthesis
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  11. In biotechnology, plasmids are used for:
    a) Destroying harmful DNA
    b) Monitoring bacterial transformation with foreign DNA
    c) Storing nutrients
    d) Cell division
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  1. Which of the following organisms are prokaryotic?
    a) Bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, PPLO
    b) Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Hydra
    c) Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Plants
    d) Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  2. Prokaryotic cells are generally:
    a) Larger than eukaryotic cells
    b) Smaller than eukaryotic cells
    c) Equal in size to eukaryotic cells
    d) Absent in nature
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  3. Which of the following shapes describes rod-shaped bacteria?
    a) Coccus
    b) Bacillus
    c) Spirillum
    d) Vibrio
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  4. Comma-shaped bacteria are known as:
    a) Spirillum
    b) Bacillus
    c) Vibrio
    d) Coccus
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  5. The spiral-shaped bacteria are called:
    a) Spirillum
    b) Bacillus
    c) Vibrio
    d) Coccus
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  6. Which of the following prokaryotes lacks a cell wall?
    a) Bacteria
    b) Blue-green algae
    c) Mycoplasma
    d) Spirillum
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  7. The genetic material in prokaryotic cells is:
    a) Enclosed by a nuclear membrane
    b) Found in multiple chromosomes
    c) Naked DNA without a nuclear membrane
    d) Double-layered inside a nucleus
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  8. The main genomic DNA in a bacterial cell is usually:
    a) Linear and double-stranded
    b) Single, circular, and double-stranded
    c) Multiple, circular chromosomes
    d) RNA-based
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  9. The small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria are called:
    a) Plasmids
    b) Nucleoids
    c) Ribosomes
    d) Centrosomes
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  10. Plasmids provide bacteria with which special ability?
    a) Photosynthesis
    b) Resistance to antibiotics
    c) Oxygen production
    d) Cell wall synthesis
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  11. In biotechnology, plasmids are used for:
    a) Destroying harmful DNA
    b) Monitoring bacterial transformation with foreign DNA
    c) Storing nutrients
    d) Cell division
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  1. Which of the following organelles is present in prokaryotic cells?
    a) Mitochondria
    b) Golgi complex
    c) Ribosomes
    d) Endoplasmic reticulum
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  2. Membrane-bound organelles are absent in:
    a) Eukaryotic cells
    b) Prokaryotic cells
    c) Plant cells
    d) Animal cells
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  3. The mesosome in prokaryotic cells is:
    a) A membrane-bound organelle
    b) An infolding of the cell membrane
    c) A type of ribosome
    d) A nuclear structure
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  4. The function of the mesosome is to assist in:
    a) Photosynthesis and transport
    b) Respiration and cell division
    c) Protein synthesis and digestion
    d) Genetic recombination
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  5. The mesosome is a unique feature of:
    a) Eukaryotic cells
    b) Plant cells
    c) Prokaryotic cells
    d) Fungal cells
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  1. The cell envelope of most prokaryotic cells consists of how many layers?
    a) One
    b) Two
    c) Three
    d) Four
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  2. The outermost layer of the bacterial cell envelope is called:
    a) Cell wall
    b) Plasma membrane
    c) Glycocalyx
    d) Mesosome
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  3. The correct sequence of layers in a bacterial cell envelope from outside to inside is:
    a) Plasma membrane → Cell wall → Glycocalyx
    b) Glycocalyx → Cell wall → Plasma membrane
    c) Cell wall → Glycocalyx → Plasma membrane
    d) Glycocalyx → Plasma membrane → Cell wall
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  4. The main function of the cell envelope in bacteria is:
    a) Reproduction
    b) Protein synthesis
    c) Protection
    d) DNA replication
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  5. Bacteria are classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on:
    a) Shape of the cell
    b) Reaction to the Gram staining technique
    c) Presence of flagella
    d) Size of the cell wall
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  6. Gram-positive bacteria are those that:
    a) Do not retain the Gram stain
    b) Retain the Gram stain
    c) Lack a cell wall
    d) Have no glycocalyx
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  7. Gram-negative bacteria are those that:
    a) Retain the Gram stain
    b) Do not retain the Gram stain
    c) Have a thicker cell wall
    d) Lack a plasma membrane
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  8. All three layers of the bacterial cell envelope together act as a:
    a) Single reproductive unit
    b) Single protective unit
    c) Transport system
    d) Storage compartment
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  1. The glycocalyx in bacteria may form a:
    a) Cell wall
    b) Slime layer or capsule
    c) Nuclear membrane
    d) Flagellum
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  2. When the glycocalyx is loosely arranged, it is called a:
    a) Capsule
    b) Slime layer
    c) Cell wall
    d) Mesosome
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  3. When the glycocalyx is thick and tough, it forms a:
    a) Capsule
    b) Slime layer
    c) Vesicle
    d) Flagella
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  4. The function of the bacterial cell wall is to:
    a) Help in photosynthesis
    b) Determine shape and provide structural support
    c) Store nutrients
    d) Control genetic material
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  5. The plasma membrane of bacteria is:
    a) Impermeable
    b) Randomly permeable
    c) Selectively permeable
    d) Fully permeable
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  6. The plasma membrane of bacteria is structurally similar to that of:
    a) Animal cells only
    b) Eukaryotic cells
    c) Fungal cells only
    d) Viruses
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  7. The mesosome is formed by:
    a) Infolding of the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm
    b) Folding of the cell wall
    c) Extension of the nucleus
    d) Outer layer of glycocalyx
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  8. The mesosome appears as:
    a) Vesicles, tubules, or lamellae
    b) Vacuoles and ribosomes
    c) Nuclei and mitochondria
    d) Flagella and pili
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  9. Which of the following is not a function of the mesosome?
    a) DNA replication
    b) Cell wall formation
    c) Respiration
    d) Photosynthesis
    ✅ Correct answer: d
  10. The mesosome increases the:
    a) Cell size
    b) Surface area and enzymatic activity
    c) Cell wall thickness
    d) Amount of genetic material
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  1. In cyanobacteria, the chromatophores are:
    a) Nuclear structures
    b) Membranous extensions containing pigments
    c) Ribosomal subunits
    d) Storage granules
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  2. Motile bacteria move with the help of:
    a) Pili
    b) Flagella
    c) Fimbriae
    d) Chromatophores
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  3. The flagellum of bacteria consists of how many main parts?
    a) One
    b) Two
    c) Three
    d) Four
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  4. Which part of the flagellum is the longest and extends outside the cell?
    a) Hook
    b) Filament
    c) Basal body
    d) Root fibre
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  5. The basal body of a bacterial flagellum functions to:
    a) Store pigments
    b) Anchor the flagellum to the cell wall and membrane
    c) Produce enzymes
    d) Transport nutrients
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  6. Which of the following structures is not used for movement in bacteria?
    a) Flagella
    b) Pili
    c) Fimbriae
    d) Both b and c
    ✅ Correct answer: d
  7. Pili are described as:
    a) Small bristle-like fibres
    b) Long, tubular protein structures
    c) Flat membranous extensions
    d) Spiral filaments
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  8. Fimbriae are:
    a) Long tubular structures
    b) Short bristle-like fibres
    c) Thread-like chromosomes
    d) Cytoplasmic vesicles
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  9. The main function of fimbriae is to:
    a) Aid in locomotion
    b) Help bacteria attach to surfaces
    c) Conduct respiration
    d) Synthesize DNA
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  10. Pili and fimbriae are mainly made of:
    a) Lipids
    b) Carbohydrates
    c) Special proteins
    d) Nucleic acids
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  1. In prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are associated with the:
    a) Cell wall
    b) Plasma membrane
    c) Nucleus
    d) Mesosome
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  2. The approximate size of prokaryotic ribosomes is:
    a) 80S
    b) 60S
    c) 70S
    d) 90S
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  3. The two subunits of a prokaryotic ribosome are:
    a) 60S and 40S
    b) 70S and 30S
    c) 50S and 30S
    d) 80S and 60S
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  4. The function of ribosomes is to:
    a) Store genetic information
    b) Synthesize proteins
    c) Produce energy
    d) Regulate cell division
    ✅ Correct answer: b
  5. A chain of ribosomes attached to a single mRNA is called a:
    a) Polysome or polyribosome
    b) Ribosomal chain
    c) RNA loop
    d) Nucleoid cluster
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  6. In a polysome, all ribosomes work together to:
    a) Replicate DNA
    b) Synthesize carbohydrates
    c) Translate mRNA into proteins
    d) Store enzymes
    ✅ Correct answer: c
  7. The individual size of a prokaryotic ribosome subunit is approximately:
    a) 50S and 30S
    b) 80S and 60S
    c) 60S and 40S
    d) 20S and 10S
    ✅ Correct answer: a
  8. The dimensions of prokaryotic ribosomes are roughly:
    a) 10 nm by 10 nm
    b) 15 nm by 20 nm
    c) 25 nm by 30 nm
    d) 40 nm by 50 nm
    ✅ Correct answer: b

93. Which of the following groups are made up of eukaryotic organisms?
a) Bacteria, Archaea, Mycoplasma
b) Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Viruses, Viroids, Prions
d) Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes, Myxobacteria

94. The presence of which structure makes eukaryotic cells highly compartmentalised?
a) Cell wall
b) Membrane-bound organelles ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Ribosomes
d) Nucleolus

95. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is enclosed within:
a) Cytoplasm
b) Nuclear envelope ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Plasma membrane
d) Endoplasmic reticulum

96. How is the genetic material organised in eukaryotic cells?
a) In circular form like prokaryotes
b) As free DNA in cytoplasm
c) In the form of chromosomes ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) As RNA molecules

97. The cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells is mainly responsible for:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Storage of nutrients
c) Cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) Protein degradation

98. Which of the following is a unique feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
a) Absence of ribosomes
b) Presence of membrane-bound nucleus ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Lack of DNA
d) Presence of peptidoglycan cell wall

99. What is the function of locomotory structures in eukaryotic cells?
a) Help in photosynthesis
b) Help in cell movement ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Help in protein synthesis
d) Help in genetic recombination

100. The nucleus in eukaryotic cells is described as “well-organised” because:
a) It has no definite boundary
b) It contains a nuclear envelope and organised chromosomes ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) It floats freely in cytoplasm
d) It lacks DNA and RNA

101. Which of the following cell organelles are present only in plant cells?
a) Centrioles and Lysosomes
b) Cell wall, Plastids, and Large central vacuole ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Mitochondria and Ribosomes
d) Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

102. Which structure is present in animal cells but absent in almost all plant cells?
a) Cell wall
b) Plastids
c) Centrioles ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) Vacuole

103. The large central vacuole in plant cells primarily helps in:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Protein synthesis
c) Maintaining turgidity and storing materials ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) Cell division

104. The structure of the cell membrane was understood more clearly after the invention of the:
a) Light microscope
b) Electron microscope ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Centrifuge
d) X-ray crystallography

105. The electron microscope was invented around which decade?
a) 1930s
b) 1940s
c) 1950s ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) 1960s

106. Before the invention of the electron microscope, which cells were mainly used to study the plasma membrane chemically?
a) Plant cells
b) Bacterial cells
c) Human red blood cells (RBCs) ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) Fungal cells

107. The main chemical components of the plasma membrane are:
a) Lipids and proteins ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Proteins and starch
c) DNA and RNA
d) Cellulose and chitin

108. The major lipids forming the plasma membrane are:
a) Cholesterol molecules
b) Phospholipids ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Triglycerides
d) Steroids

109. In the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, the polar heads:
a) Face inwards
b) Face outwards ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Are buried within the membrane
d) Alternate with hydrophobic tails

110. In the plasma membrane, the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids:
a) Face the watery environment
b) Face towards each other inside the bilayer ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Remain attached to proteins
d) Lie on the cell surface

111. The function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane is to:
a) Store energy
b) Provide rigidity and stability ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Help in protein synthesis
d) Transport ions

112. In human RBCs, the approximate ratio of proteins to lipids in the plasma membrane is:
a) 40% protein and 60% lipids
b) 60% protein and 40% lipids ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) 80% protein and 20% lipids
d) 52% lipid and 40% protein

113. Which of the following statements is true regarding the plasma membrane composition?
a) Lipids are absent in the membrane
b) The ratio of proteins and lipids is constant in all cells
c) The ratio of proteins and lipids varies in different cell types ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) The membrane contains only phospholipids

114. The polar and nonpolar nature of phospholipids is responsible for:
a) The bilayer arrangement of the plasma membrane ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Protein synthesis
c) Genetic coding
d) Formation of vacuoles

115. Which component of the plasma membrane helps in cell recognition?
a) Cholesterol
b) Carbohydrates ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Lipids
d) Water molecules

116. Peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane are located:
a) Deeply embedded within the lipid bilayer
b) On the membrane surface ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) In the cytoplasm
d) Between phospholipid tails

117. Integral proteins differ from peripheral proteins because they:
a) Are loosely attached to the membrane surface
b) Are partially or fully embedded in the lipid bilayer ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Do not interact with lipids
d) Lie outside the cell

118. The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane was proposed by:
a) Robertson
b) Singer and Nicolson ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Watson and Crick
d) Schleiden and Schwann

119. The fluid mosaic model was proposed in the year:
a) 1950
b) 1965
c) 1972 ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) 1980

120. According to the fluid mosaic model, the lipid bilayer is described as:
a) Rigid and immovable
b) Quasi-fluid, allowing lateral movement of proteins ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Completely solid
d) Fixed with proteins at definite positions

121. The fluid nature of the plasma membrane is important for:
a) DNA replication
b) Cell growth, secretion, endocytosis, and division ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Protein denaturation
d) Ribosome formation

122. The plasma membrane is described as selectively permeable because:
a) It allows all molecules to pass through
b) It allows only ions to move freely
c) It allows some molecules to pass while restricting others ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) It blocks all molecules completely

123. Movement of molecules without using cellular energy is known as:
a) Active transport
b) Passive transport ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Facilitated transport
d) Endocytosis

124. Simple diffusion involves movement of molecules:
a) From lower to higher concentration
b) From higher to lower concentration ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Against concentration gradient
d) Using ATP energy

125. The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane is known as:
a) Diffusion
b) Osmosis ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Active transport
d) Endocytosis

126. Polar molecules cannot freely pass through the lipid bilayer because:
a) They are too small
b) The lipid bilayer is nonpolar ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) They have high permeability
d) They are uncharged

127. Which structure helps polar molecules cross the plasma membrane?
a) Phospholipids
b) Carrier proteins ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Cholesterol
d) Carbohydrates

128. Active transport differs from passive transport because it:
a) Requires no energy
b) Occurs along the concentration gradient
c) Requires ATP energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) Involves simple diffusion only

129. The Na⁺/K⁺ pump is an example of:
a) Simple diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Active transport ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) Passive transport

130. During active transport, molecules move:
a) From higher to lower concentration
b) From lower to higher concentration ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) In random directions
d) Only through osmosis

131. The cell wall is a:
a) Living, flexible covering of the plasma membrane
b) Non-living, rigid structure covering the plasma membrane ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Protein layer present only in animals
d) Lipid membrane found in all cells

132. In plants and fungi, the outer covering of the plasma membrane is:
a) Cell membrane
b) Cell wall ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Nucleus
d) Cytoplasm

133. Which of the following is not a function of the cell wall?
a) Providing shape to the cell
b) Protecting from mechanical damage
c) Helping in cell-to-cell interaction
d) Synthesizing proteins ✅ (Correct Answer)

134. The cell wall acts as a barrier against:
a) Entry of unwanted macromolecules ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Diffusion of gases
c) Cellular respiration
d) Osmosis

135. The cell wall composition in algae includes:
a) Cellulose, galactans, mannans, and sometimes calcium carbonate ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and chitin
c) Pectins, proteins, and starch
d) Lipids and phospholipids

136. The main constituents of the cell wall in higher plants are:
a) Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and proteins ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Chitin and lignin
c) Peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides
d) Galactans and mannans

137. The primary cell wall of a young plant cell is:
a) Rigid and thick
b) Flexible and capable of growth ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Completely impermeable
d) Made of only proteins

138. The secondary cell wall develops:
a) Outside the primary wall
b) On the inner side of the primary wall ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Between plasma membrane and cytoplasm
d) Between the middle lamella and cytoplasm

139. The secondary wall is generally:
a) More flexible than the primary wall
b) Stronger and less flexible ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Absent in mature cells
d) Made only of proteins

140. The layer between two adjacent plant cells is called:
a) Secondary wall
b) Middle lamella ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Cytoplasmic bridge
d) Plasmodesmata

141. The middle lamella is mainly composed of:
a) Calcium pectate ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Cellulose
c) Chitin
d) Hemicellulose

142. The function of the middle lamella is to:
a) Store food
b) Hold neighboring plant cells together ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Provide flexibility
d) Help in photosynthesis

143. Plasmodesmata are:
a) Gaps in the nuclear membrane
b) Channels connecting cytoplasm of adjacent cells ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Openings in the cell membrane for endocytosis
d) Structural proteins in the wall

144. The main role of plasmodesmata is:
a) Transport of genetic material between cells
b) Communication and transport of materials between neighboring cells ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Strengthening the secondary wall
d) Performing photosynthesis

145. The secondary wall is generally absent in which type of cells?
a) Mature sclerenchyma
b) Tracheids
c) Parenchyma ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) Xylem vessels

146. The group of organelles that function together in a coordinated manner is called the:
a) Endoskeleton system
b) Endomembrane system ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Endoplasmic system
d) Excretory system

147. The endomembrane system is present only in:
a) Prokaryotic cells
b) Eukaryotic cells ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Viral particles
d) Bacterial cells

148. Which of the following organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
a) Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and vacuoles ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and ribosomes
c) Nucleus, nucleolus, and peroxisomes
d) Cytoskeleton, cilia, and flagella

149. The main function of the endomembrane system is related to:
a) Cell division and growth
b) Protein and lipid synthesis, modification, storage, and transport ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Energy production
d) Genetic material replication

150. Which of the following organelles is not a part of the endomembrane system?
a) Lysosomes
b) Golgi complex
c) Mitochondria ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) Endoplasmic reticulum

151. The Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum are connected functionally in:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Protein and lipid transport ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Respiration
d) Chromosome formation

152. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes are not included in the endomembrane system because they:
a) Lack DNA
b) Perform functions independent of the endomembrane system ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Are non-membranous
d) Do not contain enzymes

153. The endomembrane system coordinates processes related mainly to:
a) Energy conversion
b) Macromolecule synthesis and transport ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Cytoskeleton formation
d) Genetic recombination

154. Lysosomes are a part of the endomembrane system because they:
a) Participate in digestion and recycling of materials ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Generate energy
c) Contain chlorophyll
d) Store genetic material

155. Which of the following statements about the endomembrane system is true?
a) It includes mitochondria and chloroplasts
b) It works in isolation from other cell organelles
c) It coordinates synthesis, modification, and transport of biomolecules ✅ (Correct Answer)
d) It is present in prokaryotic cells only

156. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of:
a) DNA fibers
b) Tiny tubules scattered throughout the cytoplasm ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Protein granules
d) Microfilaments and microtubules

157. The endoplasmic reticulum divides the interior of the cell into how many compartments?
a) One
b) Two ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Three
d) Four

158. The inner space of the endoplasmic reticulum is called the:
a) Cytoplasm
b) Luminal compartment ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Nuclear matrix
d) Vacuole

159. The cytoplasm outside the endoplasmic reticulum is referred to as the:
a) Luminal compartment
b) Extra-luminal compartment ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Periplasmic space
d) Nuclear envelope

160. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is so named because:
a) It has ribosomes attached to its surface ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) It contains lipid droplets
c) It lacks membranes
d) It is irregular in shape

161. When the endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes, it is called:
a) Rough ER
b) Smooth ER ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Nuclear ER
d) Vesicular ER

162. RER is most abundant in cells that are involved in:
a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis and secretion ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Lipid storage
d) Cell division

163. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is continuous with:
a) The Golgi apparatus
b) The outer membrane of the nucleus ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) The plasma membrane
d) The lysosomes

164. The main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is:
a) Protein synthesis
b) Lipid synthesis ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) DNA replication
d) ATP generation

165. In animal cells, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is responsible for producing:
a) Enzymes
b) Steroid hormones ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Carbohydrates
d) Ribosomal RNA

166. Which of the following correctly distinguishes RER from SER?
a) RER synthesizes proteins; SER synthesizes lipids ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) RER synthesizes lipids; SER synthesizes proteins
c) Both are involved in carbohydrate synthesis
d) Both are non-membranous structures

167. The luminal compartment of ER helps in:
a) Packaging of waste
b) Segregation and transport of newly synthesized proteins ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Storage of DNA
d) Energy transfer

168. Which organelle is closely associated with the nuclear envelope?
a) Golgi apparatus
b) Endoplasmic reticulum ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Mitochondria
d) Lysosomes

169. Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is prominent in liver cells for detoxification?
a) Rough ER
b) Smooth ER ✅ (Correct Answer)
c) Both RER and SER
d) None of these

170. The ER plays an important role in:
a) Synthesis and transport of biomolecules ✅ (Correct Answer)
b) Storage of starch
c) Energy generation
d) Cell division

171. Who first observed the Golgi apparatus?
a) Robert Hooke
b) Camillo Golgi ✅
c) Matthias Schleiden
d) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

172. In which year was the Golgi apparatus first observed?
a) 1869
b) 1888
c) 1898 ✅
d) 1905

173. The Golgi apparatus was first seen as ________ near the nucleus.
a) Transparent vacuoles
b) Densely stained structures ✅
c) Thread-like filaments
d) Granular vesicles

174. The Golgi apparatus is sometimes called:
a) Golgi sacs
b) Golgi membranes
c) Golgi bodies ✅
d) Golgi vesicles

175. The structural units of the Golgi apparatus are:
a) Ribosomes
b) Cisternae ✅
c) Lysosomes
d) Vacuoles

176. The cisternae of Golgi apparatus are generally:
a) Tubular and circular
b) Flat and disc-shaped ✅
c) Spherical and elongated
d) Irregular in shape

177. The approximate diameter of Golgi cisternae is:
a) 0.05 to 0.1 µm
b) 0.5 to 1.0 µm ✅
c) 1.5 to 2.0 µm
d) 2.5 to 3.0 µm

178. The number of Golgi cisternae in a cell is:
a) Fixed for all cells
b) Variable in different cells ✅
c) Always five in number
d) Dependent on cell size only

179. The cisternae of Golgi apparatus are arranged:
a) Randomly in the cytoplasm
b) Parallel to plasma membrane
c) Near the nucleus in a concentric manner ✅
d) Close to the mitochondria

180. The cis face of Golgi apparatus is also called:
a) Maturing face
b) Forming face ✅
c) Outer face
d) Secreting face

181. The trans face of Golgi apparatus is also known as:
a) Forming face
b) Maturing face ✅
c) Receiving face
d) Inner face

182. The cis face of Golgi apparatus is usually:
a) Concave in shape
b) Convex in shape ✅
c) Irregular in shape
d) Cylindrical in shape

183. The trans face of Golgi apparatus is usually:
a) Convex
b) Concave ✅
c) Flat
d) Circular

184. The cis and trans faces of Golgi apparatus are:
a) Structurally different but not connected
b) Structurally similar and connected
c) Structurally different but interconnected ✅
d) Structurally identical

185. The main function of the Golgi apparatus is:
a) Protein synthesis
b) ATP production
c) Packaging and modification of materials ✅
d) Breakdown of waste

186. The vesicles from which organelle fuse with the cis face of Golgi apparatus?
a) Lysosomes
b) Ribosomes
c) Endoplasmic reticulum ✅
d) Mitochondria

187. The face of Golgi apparatus where secretion occurs is the:
a) Cis face
b) Trans face ✅
c) Lateral face
d) Inner face

188. Proteins synthesized on ER ribosomes are:
a) Degraded in Golgi
b) Modified in Golgi ✅
c) Stored in nucleus
d) Converted into DNA

189. The Golgi apparatus is the site for formation of:
a) Phospholipids and steroids
b) Glycoproteins and glycolipids ✅
c) Enzymes and nucleic acids
d) Hormones and pigments

190. Glycoproteins and glycolipids formed in the Golgi apparatus are essential for:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Genetic inheritance
c) Various cellular functions ✅
d) Waste degradation

191. Lysosomes are formed through the packaging process in which organelle?
a) Endoplasmic reticulum
b) Ribosomes
c) Golgi apparatus ✅
d) Nucleus

192. Lysosomes are surrounded by which type of structure?
a) Non-membranous covering
b) Double membrane
c) Single membrane ✅
d) Protein coat

193. Lysosomes contain which type of enzymes?
a) Oxidative enzymes
b) Hydrolytic enzymes ✅
c) Transferase enzymes
d) Polymerase enzymes

194. Hydrolytic enzymes present in lysosomes are also known as:
a) Catalases
b) Hydrolases ✅
c) Oxidases
d) Synthetases

195. Which of the following is NOT a type of lysosomal enzyme?
a) Lipase
b) Protease
c) Carbohydrase
d) ATP synthase ✅

196. Lipases in lysosomes are responsible for digesting:
a) Proteins
b) Fats ✅
c) Carbohydrates
d) Nucleic acids

197. Proteases in lysosomes function to digest:
a) Lipids
b) Proteins ✅
c) Sugars
d) DNA

198. Carbohydrases in lysosomes are responsible for digesting:
a) Lipids
b) Nucleic acids
c) Carbohydrates ✅
d) Proteins

199. The enzymes of lysosomes work best in which environment?
a) Basic
b) Acidic ✅
c) Neutral
d) Alkaline

200. The primary function of lysosomes is:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Digestion ✅
c) Respiration
d) Protein synthesis

201. Lysosomes can digest which of the following?
a) Only proteins
b) Only carbohydrates and lipids
c) Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids ✅
d) Only nucleic acids

202. Lysosomes are often called the “suicide bags” of the cell because they:
a) Store energy for the cell
b) Produce ATP
c) Can digest worn-out organelles and foreign materials ✅
d) Release oxygen into the cytoplasm

203. The nickname “suicide bags” of the cell is given to which organelle?
a) Golgi apparatus
b) Lysosomes ✅
c) Ribosomes
d) Mitochondria

204. Lysosomes can destroy the cell itself when:
a) The cell stops dividing
b) The lysosomal membrane ruptures ✅
c) The Golgi body is inactive
d) The nucleus divides

205. The enzymes present in lysosomes are produced by:
a) Ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum ✅
b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c) Nucleolus
d) Mitochondria

206. A vacuole is a _______ space in the cytoplasm of a cell.
a) Non-membranous
b) Membrane-bound ✅
c) Fluid-free
d) Protein-coated

207. The vacuole mainly contains:
a) Only proteins
b) Only water
c) Water, cell sap, waste products, and other materials ✅
d) Only ions and sugars

208. The membrane surrounding the vacuole is called:
a) Cell membrane
b) Plasmalemma
c) Tonoplast ✅
d) Mesosome

209. In plant cells, vacuoles may occupy up to what percentage of the cell’s volume?
a) 10%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 90% ✅

210. In plant cells, vacuoles are:
a) Small and numerous
b) Large and prominent ✅
c) Absent
d) Found only during division

211. The tonoplast helps in:
a) ATP production
b) Transporting ions and other substances into the vacuole ✅
c) Protein synthesis
d) Cell division

212. The tonoplast transports substances often:
a) Along the concentration gradient
b) Against the concentration gradient ✅
c) Without any energy
d) Through passive diffusion only

213. The function of maintaining higher concentration of certain substances inside the vacuole is performed by:
a) Ribosomes
b) Nucleus
c) Tonoplast ✅
d) Endoplasmic reticulum

214. In Amoeba, the contractile vacuole helps in:
a) Respiration
b) Osmoregulation and excretion ✅
c) Photosynthesis
d) Reproduction

215. Food vacuoles in Amoeba are mainly involved in:
a) Storage
b) Digestion ✅
c) Respiration
d) Locomotion

🔋 Mitochondria

216. Mitochondria are _______ membrane-bound organelles.
a) Single
b) Double ✅
c) Triple
d) Non-membranous

217. Mitochondria are visible only when:
a) They are stained specially ✅
b) Observed in unstained condition
c) Seen under low magnification
d) Illuminated with UV light

218. The number, shape, and size of mitochondria depend upon:
a) DNA content
b) Age of organism
c) Activity of the cell ✅
d) Temperature

219. The usual shape of mitochondria is:
a) Spherical
b) Cuboidal
c) Sausage-shaped or cylindrical ✅
d) Irregular

220. The typical diameter and length of mitochondria are:
a) 0.02–0.1 µm and 0.5–1.0 µm
b) 0.2–1.0 µm and 1.0–4.1 µm ✅
c) 1.0–5.0 µm and 10 µm
d) 2.0–6.0 µm and 7.0 µm

221. The inner membrane of mitochondria forms folds called:
a) Thylakoids
b) Cristae ✅
c) Tonoplasts
d) Lamellae

222. The function of cristae is to:
a) Increase surface area for chemical reactions ✅
b) Store DNA
c) Help in respiration directly
d) Form the outer compartment

223. The space between outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is called:
a) Cristae
b) Matrix
c) Outer compartment ✅
d) Intercellular space

224. The dense inner region of mitochondria filled with enzymes is called:
a) Cristae
b) Matrix ✅
c) Tonoplast
d) Cytoplasm

225. The inner mitochondrial membrane and the matrix contain:
a) Only lipids
b) Enzymes essential for mitochondrial functions ✅
c) DNA only
d) Proteins for Golgi synthesis

226. Mitochondria are the main site of:
a) Anaerobic respiration
b) Aerobic respiration ✅
c) Photosynthesis
d) Excretion

227. The energy produced in mitochondria is stored in the form of:
a) NADPH
b) ATP ✅
c) DNA
d) Glucose

228. Mitochondria are often referred to as the:
a) Brain of the cell
b) Powerhouse of the cell ✅
c) Skeleton of the cell
d) Controller of the cell

229. The mitochondrial matrix contains:
a) Circular DNA, RNA, and 70S ribosomes ✅
b) Linear DNA and 80S ribosomes
c) Only proteins
d) Nucleolus

230. The ribosomes present in mitochondria are:
a) 80S type
b) 70S type ✅
c) 60S type
d) 50S type

231. The presence of circular DNA in mitochondria indicates:
a) Its dependence on nucleus
b) Its ability for protein synthesis ✅
c) Lack of ribosomes
d) No genetic material

232. Mitochondria can replicate independently by a process called:
a) Fusion
b) Fission ✅
c) Budding
d) Regeneration

233. The self-replicating ability of mitochondria is due to the presence of:
a) Cristae
b) Matrix
c) DNA ✅
d) Tonoplast

234. Both mitochondrial membranes contain:
a) Identical enzymes
b) Specific enzymes essential for mitochondrial functions ✅
c) Only carrier proteins
d) No enzymes

235. Plastids are found in:
a) Only animal cells
b) All plant cells and some protists ✅
c) Only bacterial cells
d) All eukaryotic cells

236. In which group of protists are plastids present?
a) Amoeboids
b) Euglenoides ✅
c) Paramecia
d) Slime moulds

237. Plastids are usually:
a) Small and invisible
b) Large and visible under the microscope ✅
c) Non-membranous
d) Present only in the nucleus

238. The color of different parts of plants is due to:
a) Cytoplasm
b) Plastids ✅
c) Vacuoles
d) Nucleus

239. Plastids are classified on the basis of:
a) Function
b) Shape
c) Pigments ✅
d) Size

240. The three main types of plastids are:
a) Ribosomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria
b) Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts ✅
c) Centrosomes, vacuoles, and plastosomes
d) Chlorophyll, cytoplasm, and lamellae

☘️ Chloroplasts

241. Chloroplasts contain which pigments?
a) Xanthophyll only
b) Chlorophyll and carotenoids ✅
c) Anthocyanin
d) Flavonoids

242. The main function of chloroplast pigments is:
a) Energy storage
b) Trapping light energy for photosynthesis ✅
c) Transporting ions
d) Synthesizing proteins

243. Chloroplasts are most abundant in:
a) Root cells
b) Mesophyll cells of leaves ✅
c) Stem epidermis
d) Xylem tissues

244. The shape of chloroplasts may be:
a) Only spherical
b) Lens-shaped, oval, spherical, discoid, or ribbon-like ✅
c) Cylindrical only
d) Flat and irregular

245. Typical chloroplast size is about:
a) 1–2 µm long and 0.5 µm wide
b) 5–10 µm long and 2–4 µm wide ✅
c) 20–30 µm long and 5–6 µm wide
d) 15–20 µm long and 8 µm wide

246. The number of chloroplasts per cell in Chlamydomonas is usually:
a) 1 ✅
b) 5
c) 20–40
d) 100

247. The number of chloroplasts per mesophyll cell in higher plants is:
a) 1
b) 5–10
c) 20–40 ✅
d) 100–200

248. Chloroplasts are _______ membrane-bound organelles.
a) Single
b) Double ✅
c) Triple
d) Non-membranous

249. The inner space enclosed by the inner membrane of chloroplast is called:
a) Matrix
b) Stroma ✅
c) Grana
d) Lumen

250. The stroma of chloroplast contains:
a) Only chlorophyll
b) Enzymes for carbohydrate and protein synthesis ✅
c) DNA for respiration only
d) Vacuoles and centrosomes

251. The stroma of chloroplast also contains:
a) Circular DNA, RNA, and 70S ribosomes ✅
b) Linear DNA and 80S ribosomes
c) Only RNA
d) Lysosomes

252. The flattened membranous sacs present in the chloroplast are called:
a) Grana
b) Thylakoids ✅
c) Lamellae
d) Vesicles

253. Stacks of thylakoids are known as:
a) Grana ✅
b) Stroma
c) Lumen
d) Tonoplast

254. The singular form of “grana” is:
a) Granule
b) Granum ✅
c) Grane
d) Granus

255. The thylakoids of different grana are connected by:
a) Stroma lamellae ✅
b) Cristae
c) Microtubules
d) Tonoplast

256. The space inside each thylakoid is called:
a) Stroma
b) Lumen ✅
c) Matrix
d) Vacuole

257. The chlorophyll pigments are located in:
a) Outer membrane
b) Thylakoid membranes ✅
c) Matrix
d) Cytoplasm

258. The main function of chlorophyll pigments is:
a) Storing proteins
b) Capturing light energy for photosynthesis ✅
c) Protecting DNA
d) Digesting carbohydrates

🌺 Chromoplasts and Leucoplasts

259. Chromoplasts contain which type of pigments?
a) Chlorophyll
b) Carotenoids like carotene and xanthophyll ✅
c) Anthocyanin
d) Phycobilins

260. Chromoplasts impart which colors to plant parts?
a) Blue and violet
b) Yellow, orange, or red ✅
c) Brown and black
d) Green and purple

261. Chromoplast pigments are:
a) Water-soluble
b) Fat-soluble ✅
c) Protein-soluble
d) Sugar-soluble

262. The colorless plastids responsible for storage are called:
a) Chromoplasts
b) Leucoplasts ✅
c) Chloroplasts
d) Vacuoles

263. Amyloplasts are specialized leucoplasts that store:
a) Proteins
b) Oils
c) Starch ✅
d) Pigments

264. Elaioplasts are leucoplasts that store:
a) Oils and fats ✅
b) Carbohydrates
c) Proteins
d) Minerals

265. Aleuroplasts are responsible for storing:
a) Lipids
b) Proteins ✅
c) Sugars
d) Pigments

266. The similarity between mitochondria and chloroplasts is that both:
a) Are single membrane-bound
b) Are double membrane-bound and have their own DNA ✅
c) Lack ribosomes
d) Cannot replicate

267. The 70S ribosomes in chloroplast indicate that it has:
a) Prokaryotic origin ✅
b) Eukaryotic origin
c) Only structural function
d) DNA-free structure

268. The process occurring inside chloroplast thylakoids is:
a) Photosynthesis ✅
b) Respiration
c) Protein synthesis
d) DNA replication

269. Ribosomes were first observed under an electron microscope by:
A. Camillo Golgi
B. George Palade
C. Robert Hooke
D. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Answer: B. George Palade

270. Ribosomes are composed of:
A. DNA and proteins
B. RNA and proteins
C. Lipids and proteins
D. Carbohydrates and proteins
Answer: B. RNA and proteins

271. Which of the following statements about ribosomes is true?
A. Ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles.
B. Ribosomes are found only in eukaryotes.
C. Ribosomes are not surrounded by any membrane.
D. Ribosomes contain a single subunit.
Answer: C. Ribosomes are not surrounded by any membrane.

272. Ribosomes are the site of:
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Carbohydrate metabolism
C. Protein synthesis
D. Energy production
Answer: C. Protein synthesis

273. The size of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells is:
A. 70S
B. 80S
C. 60S
D. 30S
Answer: B. 80S

274. The size of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells is:
A. 80S
B. 70S
C. 60S
D. 40S
Answer: B. 70S

275. The large and small subunits of 80S ribosomes are:
A. 50S and 30S
B. 60S and 40S
C. 70S and 50S
D. 30S and 20S
Answer: B. 60S and 40S

276. The large and small subunits of 70S ribosomes are:
A. 60S and 40S
B. 50S and 30S
C. 70S and 20S
D. 80S and 50S
Answer: B. 50S and 30S

277. ‘S’ in 70S or 80S ribosomes refers to:
A. Size of ribosome
B. Sedimentation coefficient
C. Structural composition
D. Specific gravity
Answer: B. Sedimentation coefficient

278. The function of ‘S’ unit (Svedberg unit) is to measure:
A. The enzyme activity of ribosomes
B. The density and size of ribosomes
C. The number of subunits in ribosomes
D. The weight of ribosomes
Answer: B. The density and size of ribosomes

279. Ribosomes are present in which of the following organisms?
A. Only in prokaryotes
B. Only in eukaryotes
C. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
D. Only in animal cells
Answer: C. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Cytoskeleton

280. The cytoskeleton is a network of:
A. Lipid molecules
B. Protein fibers
C. Nucleic acids
D. Polysaccharides
Answer: B. Protein fibers

281. The cytoskeleton is made up of how many main types of filaments?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Answer: B. Three

282. Which of the following is not a component of the cytoskeleton?
A. Microtubules
B. Microfilaments
C. Intermediate filaments
D. Cisternae
Answer: D. Cisternae

283. The cytoskeleton provides:
A. Energy to the cell
B. Mechanical support and shape to the cell
C. Food to the cell
D. Genetic information
Answer: B. Mechanical support and shape to the cell

284. The cytoskeleton helps in:
A. Protein synthesis
B. Cellular movement and intracellular transport
C. DNA replication
D. Enzyme production
Answer: B. Cellular movement and intracellular transport

285. The cytoskeleton acts like:
A. The digestive system of the cell
B. The power house of the cell
C. A scaffolding and transport network inside the cell
D. The genetic control center
Answer: C. A scaffolding and transport network inside the cell

286. Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell membrane that help in:
A. Digestion
B. Respiration
C. Movement
D. Photosynthesis
Answer: C. Movement

287. Cilia differ from flagella in being:
A. Longer and fewer in number
B. Shorter and more numerous
C. Absent in animal cells
D. Made of DNA filaments
Answer: B. Shorter and more numerous

288. The main function of flagella is to:
A. Move fluid over the cell surface
B. Help in cell division
C. Move the entire cell
D. Store waste materials
Answer: C. Move the entire cell

289. Prokaryotic flagella differ from eukaryotic flagella in:
A. Function only
B. Structure only
C. Both structure and function
D. They are identical
Answer: B. Structure only

290. Under electron microscopy, the core of cilia and flagella is called:
A. Basal body
B. Axoneme
C. Centriole
D. Cytoskeleton
Answer: B. Axoneme

291. The typical arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella is:
A. 9 + 0 pattern
B. 9 + 1 pattern
C. 9 + 2 pattern
D. 8 + 2 pattern
Answer: C. 9 + 2 pattern

292. In the 9 + 2 arrangement, microtubules are organized as:
A. Nine singlets around two doublets
B. Nine doublets around two singlets
C. Nine triplets around two singlets
D. Nine triplets only
Answer: B. Nine doublets around two singlets

293. The central microtubules in cilia and flagella are connected by:
A. Central sheath
B. Radial spokes
C. Linkers
D. Pericentriolar material
Answer: A. Central sheath

294. The radial spokes connect:
A. Central sheath to the outer membrane
B. Peripheral doublets to the central microtubules
C. One centriole to another
D. Ribosomes to endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: B. Peripheral doublets to the central microtubules

295. The structure from which cilia and flagella arise is called:
A. Axoneme
B. Basal body
C. Chromoplast
D. Tonoplast
Answer: B. Basal body

296. Basal bodies are structurally similar to:
A. Ribosomes
B. Centrioles
C. Lysosomes
D. Mitochondria
Answer: B. Centrioles

Centrosome and Centrioles

297. The centrosome is a cell organelle that usually contains:
A. One centriole
B. Two centrioles
C. Three centrioles
D. Four centrioles
Answer: B. Two centrioles

298. The material surrounding the centrioles in a centrosome is called:
A. Axoneme
B. Pericentriolar material
C. Matrix
D. Stroma
Answer: B. Pericentriolar material

299. The two centrioles in a centrosome are arranged:
A. Parallel to each other
B. Perpendicular to each other
C. Randomly
D. In a circular pattern
Answer: B. Perpendicular to each other

300. Each centriole has a structure resembling:
A. A hollow tube
B. A cartwheel
C. A double helix
D. A sphere
Answer: B. A cartwheel

301. Each centriole consists of nine evenly spaced:
A. Doublet microtubules
B. Triplet microtubules
C. Singlet filaments
D. Hexagonal tubes
Answer: B. Triplet microtubules

302. The central part of the proximal end of the centriole is called:
A. Hub
B. Core
C. Lumen
D. Matrix
Answer: A. Hub

303. The hub of a centriole is connected to peripheral triplets by:
A. Linkers
B. Radial spokes
C. Central sheath
D. Filamentous bridges
Answer: B. Radial spokes

304. Centrioles are responsible for forming:
A. Basal bodies of cilia and flagella
B. Lysosomes
C. Nucleus
D. Golgi vesicles
Answer: A. Basal bodies of cilia and flagella

305. During cell division, centrioles help in the formation of:
A. Nuclear envelope
B. Spindle fibres
C. Cell wall
D. Vacuoles
Answer: B. Spindle fibres

306. The nucleus was first observed by:
A. Robert Hooke
B. Robert Brown
C. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
D. Rudolf Virchow
Answer: B. Robert Brown

307. The material inside the nucleus that stains with basic dyes was named chromatin by:
A. Robert Brown
B. Camillo Golgi
C. Flemming
D. Palade
Answer: C. Flemming

308. When a cell is not dividing, the nucleus is said to be in:
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Interphase
D. Telophase
Answer: C. Interphase

309. The thread-like structures found in the interphase nucleus are called:
A. Chromosomes
B. Chromatin fibers
C. Centromeres
D. Microtubules
Answer: B. Chromatin fibers

310. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the:
A. Cell wall
B. Nuclear envelope
C. Nucleoplasm
D. Nuclear matrix
Answer: B. Nuclear envelope

311. The space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope is called:
A. Intermembrane space
B. Perinuclear space
C. Pericentriolar space
D. Nucleolar gap
Answer: B. Perinuclear space

312. The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with:
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Plasma membrane
Answer: C. Endoplasmic reticulum

313. Ribosomes are attached to which part of the nucleus?
A. Inner membrane
B. Outer membrane
C. Perinuclear space
D. Nucleolus
Answer: B. Outer membrane

314. The nuclear envelope contains small openings called:
A. Vacuoles
B. Nuclear pores
C. Ribosomal pits
D. Thylakoids
Answer: B. Nuclear pores

315. The function of nuclear pores is to allow movement of:
A. Lipids and sugars
B. RNA and proteins
C. Enzymes only
D. ATP only
Answer: B. RNA and proteins

316. Cells that lack a nucleus are termed:
A. Binucleate
B. Multinucleate
C. Anucleate
D. Polyploid
Answer: C. Anucleate

317. Which of the following is an example of an anucleate cell?
A. WBC
B. Neuron
C. Mammalian erythrocyte
D. Liver cell
Answer: C. Mammalian erythrocyte

318. The nucleoplasm is also known as:
A. Cytosol
B. Nuclear matrix
C. Perinuclear space
D. Vacuolar sap
Answer: B. Nuclear matrix

319. The nucleolus is primarily the site of:
A. DNA replication
B. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
C. Protein degradation
D. ATP formation
Answer: B. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

320. Cells with high protein synthesis usually have:
A. Small nucleoli
B. No nucleolus
C. Large nucleoli
D. Multiple nuclei
Answer: C. Large nucleoli

321. During interphase, chromatin appears as:
A. Condensed rods
B. Loose network of fibers
C. Distinct chromosomes
D. Circular DNA
Answer: B. Loose network of fibers

322. Chromatin is composed of:
A. DNA and lipids only
B. DNA, histone proteins, non-histone proteins, and RNA
C. RNA and polysaccharides
D. Only DNA and RNA
Answer: B. DNA, histone proteins, non-histone proteins, and RNA

323. A single human cell contains about how much DNA?
A. 2 cm
B. 2 meters
C. 2 mm
D. 20 µm
Answer: B. 2 meters

324. The total number of chromosomes in a human cell is:
A. 44
B. 22 pairs
C. 46 (23 pairs)
D. 48 (24 pairs)
Answer: C. 46 (23 pairs)

Chromosomes and Centromere

325. The primary constriction of a chromosome is called the:
A. Chromatid
B. Telomere
C. Centromere
D. Satellite
Answer: C. Centromere

326. The disc-shaped structures flanking the centromere are called:
A. Chromonemata
B. Kinetochores
C. Nucleosomes
D. Chromatids
Answer: B. Kinetochores

327. The centromere connects:
A. Two chromatids
B. Two chromosomes
C. Two nuclei
D. Two nucleoli
Answer: A. Two chromatids

328. In a metacentric chromosome, the centromere is located:
A. Near the end
B. Slightly off-center
C. In the middle
D. At the terminal end
Answer: C. In the middle

329. A sub-metacentric chromosome has:
A. Equal arms
B. One long and one short arm
C. Only one arm
D. Two very short arms
Answer: B. One long and one short arm

330. In an acrocentric chromosome, the centromere is located:
A. In the middle
B. Slightly off-center
C. Near one end
D. At the tip
Answer: C. Near one end

331. Telocentric chromosomes have the centromere located:
A. At the tip
B. In the middle
C. Near the middle
D. Slightly away from the middle
Answer: A. At the tip

332. Chromosomes can also have non-staining regions known as:
A. Secondary constrictions
B. Centromeres
C. Kinetochores
D. Telomeres
Answer: A. Secondary constrictions

333. The small fragment formed due to a secondary constriction is called a:
A. Chromatid
B. Nucleosome
C. Satellite
D. Kinetochore
Answer: C. Satellite

334. Which of the following correctly matches the chromosome type with centromere position?
A. Metacentric – terminal
B. Sub-metacentric – middle
C. Acrocentric – near the end
D. Telocentric – slightly off-center
Answer: C. Acrocentric – near the end

335. The constricted region of a chromosome essential for spindle attachment is:
A. Telomere
B. Chromonema
C. Centromere
D. Nucleolus
Answer: C. Centromere

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