Structural Organisation in Animals | Quality Hinglish NEET Notes | Class 11 Biology For Free

1.🧫Introduction to Animal Tissues

Pehle chapters me, humne kai tarah ke animals ke baare me padha, including wo jo single cell se bane hote hain aur wo jo multicellular hote hain. Single-celled organisms me ek hi cell sab kuch karta hai, jaise digestion, breathing, aur reproduction. Lekin multicellular animals me alag-alag groups of cells in jobs ko organized way me handle karte hain. Even simple animals jaise Hydra me bhi different types ke cells hote hain, aur har type me hazaaron cells ho sakte hain. Humans me billions of cells hote hain, jo har ek specific function perform karte hain.

Toh, yeh saare cells kaise ek saath kaam karte hain? Multicellular animals me, similar cells ek saath group karte hain aur unke beech kuch substances hote hain, ek particular job ke liye, aur is group ko tissue kehte hain. Surprisingly, sab complex animals me sirf chaar basic types ke tissues hote hain. Yeh tissues ek particular way me arranged hote hain, jo organs banate hain jaise stomach, lungs, heart, aur kidneys. Jab do ya zyada organs ek saath common task perform karte hain, toh wo organ system banate hain, jaise digestive system ya respiratory system. Is tarah, cells, tissues, organs, aur organ systems ka kaam share hota hai, jo division of labor dikhata hai aur poore body ko survive karne me help karta hai.

2. Body Organization – Organs and Organ Systems

Multicellular organisms me, basic tissues ek saath milke organs banate hain, aur yeh organs ek saath kaam karke organ systems banate hain. Is tarah ka organization bahut important hai kyunki yeh body me millions of cells ko efficiently aur well-coordinated way me kaam karne allow karta hai. Humare body ka har organ ek ya zyada types ke tissues se bana hota hai. For example, human heart me saare four main types ke tissues hote hain: epithelial, connective, muscular, aur nervous tissue.

Jab hum organs aur organ systems ko carefully study karte hain, toh hume pata chalta hai ki jaise-jaise hum simpler se more complex animals ki taraf move karte hain, unki complexity me ek clear pattern ya trend hota hai. Scientists isse evolutionary trend kehte hain, jiske baare me aap higher classes me aur seekhenge.

Is chapter me focus frog par hai, jo ek vertebrate hai. Yahan hum do cheezein study karte hain: morphology aur anatomy. Morphology ek organism ya uske body parts ka form ya outward appearance study karna hai. Plants ya microbes me, morphology usually sirf external features ko refer karta hai, lekin animals me yeh organs ya body parts ke external appearance ko refer karta hai. Anatomy, on the other hand, usually animals ke internal organs aur unke structure ka study hota hai.

Is chapter me aap frog ke external features (morphology) aur internal structure (anatomy) dono ke baare me seekhenge.

3. Frogs – Structure and Characteristics

Frogs dono land aur freshwater me jee sakte hain aur yeh class Amphibia ke under phylum Chordata me aate hain. India me sabse common frog species Rana tigrina hai.

Inka body temperature constant nahi hota, matlab inka body temperature environment ke temperature ke saath vary karta hai. Aise animals ko cold blooded ya poikilotherms kehte hain. Aapne notice kiya hoga ki frogs ka colour grasses me ya dry land par alag lagta hai. Yeh ability inme hoti hai ki apna colour change karke apne enemies se chhup sake (camouflage). Yeh protective coloration mimicry kehlata hai.

Aap yeh bhi jaante honge ki frogs peak summer aur winter me zyada nahi dikhte. Is period me yeh deep burrows me shelter lete hain taaki extreme heat aur cold se protect ho sake. Is process ko summer sleep (aestivation) aur winter sleep (hibernation) kehte hain.

Morphology Of Frog 🐸

Agar aapne kabhi frog ko touch kiya hoga, toh aapne notice kiya hoga ki iska skin smooth aur slippery hota hai kyunki yeh mucus se covered hota hai. Skin hamesha moist rehti hai, jo frog ke liye bahut important hai. Frog ka back (dorsal) side usually olive green hota hai with dark, irregular spots, jabki belly (ventral) side pale yellow hota hai. Interesting baat yeh hai ki frogs paani apne mouth se nahi peete; instead, yeh directly apni skin ke through water absorb karte hain.

Frog ka body do main parts me divided hota hai: head aur trunk. Frogs me neck ya tail nahi hoti. Mouth ke upar ek pair of nostrils hote hain, aur eyes bulging hote hain aur special membrane nictitating membrane se protected hote hain, jo water me hone par eyes ko cover karta hai. Eyes ke dono sides me membranous structure tympanum hota hai, jo ear ka kaam karta hai aur sounds sunne me help karta hai.

Frogs ke forelimbs aur hind limbs hote hain jo swimming, walking, jumping, aur digging me help karte hain. Hind limbs forelimbs se bade aur zyada muscular hote hain aur 5 toes me end hote hain, jabki forelimbs me 4 fingers hote hain. Feet ke toes webbed hote hain, jo swimming ko easier banate hain.

Frogs sexual dimorphism bhi show karte hain, matlab males aur females alag dikhte hain. Male frogs me vocal sacs hote hain jo sound produce karte hain aur ek special pad copulatory pad forelimb ke first finger par hota hai, jo female frogs me nahi hota.

Anatomy Of Frog 🥰

Frog ke body me ek body cavity hoti hai, jo saare major organ systems ko hold karti hai, including digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory, aur reproductive systems, jinke structures aur functions well-developed hote hain.

Digestive system me alimentary canal aur digestive glands shamil hote hain. Frogs carnivores hote hain, isliye inka alimentary canal short hota hai kyunki ye easily digestible food khate hain. Mouth buccal cavity me open hota hai, jo pharynx ke through short oesophagus me jata hai. Oesophagus stomach me open hota hai, jo intestine aur rectum me continue hota hai, aur finally cloaca ke through outside open hota hai. Liver bile produce karta hai, jo gall bladder me store hoti hai, aur pancreas pancreatic juice produce karta hai jisme digestive enzymes hote hain. Frogs apna food bilobed tongue se catch karte hain. Digestion stomach me hydrochloric acid aur gastric juices ke saath start hota hai, food ko semi-digested substance chyme me convert karta hai. Chyme phir small intestine ke first part duodenum me jata hai, jo gall bladder se bile aur pancreas se pancreatic juices receive karta hai. Bile fats breakdown karta hai, aur pancreatic juices carbohydrates aur proteins digest karte hain. Final digestion intestine me hota hai, jahan nutrients villi aur microvilli ke through absorb hote hain. Undigested food rectum me jata hai aur cloaca se expelled hota hai.

Frogs water aur land dono me breathe karte hain using different methods. Water me unki skin main respiratory organ ka kaam karti hai, aur oxygen directly skin ke through diffuse hota hai, is process ko cutaneous respiration kehte hain. Land me ye skin, buccal cavity, aur lungs ka use karte hain, aur lung-based breathing ko pulmonary respiration kehte hain. Lungs ek pair of elongated, pink, sac-like organs hote hain, jo upper trunk (thorax) me located hote hain. Air nostrils se buccal cavity me aur phir lungs me jata hai. Aestivation (summer sleep) aur hibernation (winter sleep) ke periods me bhi gaseous exchange skin ke through hoti rehti hai, jo unhe inactive hone par survive karne me help karti hai.

Frog ka closed circulatory system aur lymphatic system well-developed hai. Blood circulatory system me heart, blood vessels, aur blood hote hain, jabki lymphatic system me lymph, lymph vessels, aur lymph nodes hote hain. Heart muscular hota hai, upper body cavity me located hai, aur isme teen chambers hote hain: do atria aur ek ventricle. Ye pericardium membrane se covered hota hai. Sinus venosus, right atrium se juda hota hai, aur blood vena cava ke through aata hai. Ventricle ventral side ke conus arteriosus se connect hota hai. Arteries heart se body parts tak blood carry karte hain, aur veins blood body se heart me wapas le aate hain. Frogs ke special venous connections bhi hote hain: hepatic portal system liver aur intestine ko link karta hai, aur renal portal system kidneys aur lower body ko connect karta hai. Blood me plasma aur cells hote hain, jaise red blood cells (RBCs) with hemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), aur platelets. Lymph blood se different hai kyunki isme RBCs aur kuch proteins nahi hote. Blood nutrients, gases, aur water body me transport karta hai, pumped by muscular heart.

Excretory system well-developed hai aur nitrogenous wastes remove karta hai. Isme pair of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, aur cloaca hote hain. Kidneys bean-shaped, dark red, aur vertebral column ke along located hote hain. Har kidney me functional units nephrons hote hain. Males me ureters urinogenital ducts ka kaam karte hain aur cloaca me open hote hain, jabki females me ureters aur oviducts separately cloaca me open hote hain. Urinary bladder thin-walled hota hai aur rectum ke ventral side me hota hai. Frogs urea excrete karte hain, isliye ye ureotelic animals hote hain. Blood wastes ko kidneys tak le jata hai, jahan ye filter hoke excreted hote hain.

Frogs ka control aur coordination system highly developed hai, jo nervous system aur endocrine glands include karta hai. Endocrine glands ke hormones body me chemical coordination control karte hain. Major endocrine glands me pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic islets, adrenal glands, aur gonads shamil hote hain. Nervous system me central nervous system (brain aur spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (cranial aur spinal nerves), aur autonomic nervous system (sympathetic aur parasympathetic) hote hain. 10 pairs ke cranial nerves hote hain, aur brain forebrain, midbrain, aur hindbrain me divided hota hai. Forebrain me olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres, aur unpaired diencephalon hote hain. Midbrain me optic lobes, aur hindbrain me cerebellum aur medulla oblongata hote hain, jo spinal cord me continue karte hain, jo vertebral column se protected hota hai.

Frogs ke paas various sense organs hote hain for touch, taste, smell, vision, aur hearing. Eyes spherical hote hain, skull ke orbit me located hote hain, aur simple structure ke hote hain. External ear absent hai, lekin tympanum hearing aur balance ke liye function karta hai. Male aur female frogs ke reproductive systems well-organized hote hain. Males me pair of yellowish, oval testes upper kidneys ke saath attached hote hain. Sperm vasa efferentia ke through Bidder’s canal me jata hai aur phir urinogenital duct me, jo cloaca me open hota hai, jo faeces, urine, aur sperm ke liye chamber hai. Females me pair of ovaries kidneys ke near hote hain, aur oviducts separately cloaca me open hote hain. Mature female 2,500–3,000 eggs ek saath lay kar sakti hai. Fertilization external hota hai water me, aur development me larval stage tadpole hota hai, jo baad me metamorphosis ke through adult frog ban jata hai.

Frogs humans aur ecosystem ke liye kaafi useful hote hain. Ye insects khate hain, crops ko protect karte hain, aur food chain aur food web me important ecological balance maintain karte hain. Kuch countries me log frog legs bhi food ke liye khate hain.

4. Overview Of This Chapter 😍

Multicellular animals me, cells, tissues, organs, aur organ systems apna kaam coordinated way me share karte hain, jo poore body ke survival ko ensure karta hai. Ye division of labor body ko efficiently function karne allow karta hai.

Tissue ek group hota hai similar cells ka, jisme intercellular substances hote hain, aur jo ek ya zyada specific functions perform karte hain. Epithelial tissues sheet-like hote hain aur body ke surfaces, cavities, ducts, aur tubes ko line karte hain. In tissues ka free surface body fluids ya external environment ki taraf hota hai, aur inke cells junctions ke through connected hote hain structural aur functional support ke liye.

India me common frog Indian bullfrog, Rana tigrina hai. Iska body skin se covered hota hai jisme mucous glands hote hain, jo blood vessels se rich hote hain aur respiration me help karte hain, dono water aur land me. Frog ka body head aur trunk me divided hota hai. Iska muscular tongue tip par bilobed hota hai, jo prey catch karne ke liye use hota hai.

Digestive system me oesophagus, stomach, intestine, aur rectum shamil hain, jo sab cloaca me open hote hain, aur digestive glands jaise liver aur pancreas bhi included hain. Frogs water me skin ke through aur land me lungs ke through breathe karte hain. Unka circulatory system closed hota hai with single circulation, aur unke red blood cells nucleated hote hain.

Nervous system central, peripheral, aur autonomic parts me divided hai. Excretory aur reproductive systems urinogenital ducts share karte hain, jo cloaca me open hote hain. Male frogs ke paas pair of testes hote hain, aur females ke paas pair of ovaries, jahan har female ek baar me 2,500–3,000 eggs lay kar sakti hai. Fertilization aur early development water me externally hota hai, jahan eggs tadpoles me hatch hote hain, jo baad me metamorphosis ke through adult frogs ban jaate hain.